Albert Einstein as Father of Modern Physics and Isaac Newton as Father of Classical Physics Essay

Newton was known as a natural philosopher during his life but his theories of motion, gravity, light, etc formed the cornerstone of what would become known as physics. He probably contributed more to the science than any single person before or after him. Newton’s 1687 publication of the Principia is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Albert Einstein (Father of Modern Physics) Albert Einstein was one of a group of physicists in the early part of the 20th century who started to form new and more complex theories that extended the work of Newton to new situations. Einstein’s most famous work on relativity extended the work of Newton to include very high velocities (approaching the speed of light) and the effect of mass on space. Einstein was not alone in extending the boundaries of physics at this time, a good claim could probably be made for a number of contributors to quantum mechanics who lived at the same time to share the title of â€Å"Father of modern Physics† but Einstein has for a number of reasons, not least the quality and complexity of his work gained the title â€Å"Father of Modern Physics† at least in the popular media. Albert Einstein’s many contributions to physics include the special and general theories of relativity, the founding of relativistic cosmology, the first post-Newtonian expansion, explaining the perihelion advance of Mercury, prediction of the deflection of light by gravity and gravitational lensing, the first fluctuation dissipation theorem which explained the Brownian movement of molecules, the photon theory and wave-particle duality, the quantum theory of atomic motion in solids, the zero-point energy concept, the semi-classical version of the Schrodinger equation, and the quantum theory of a monatomic gas which predicted Bose–Einstein condensation.

Indonesian Economy: Asia Pulp and Paper

Indonesian Economy Asia Pulp and Paper A short strategy analysis of APP mission , vision and strategy Indonesian Economy Asia Pulp and Paper A short strategy analysis of APP mission , vision and strategy Summary Introduction2 I. company overview3 II. APP’s financials, environment issues and mattel4 1. APP’s financials 2. Environment issues 3. Mattel III. The challenges and recomanded strategy7 1. The challeges 2. Recommandations IV. APP, a company to watch9 Conclusion10 References Introduction Corporate governance refers to the control of the firm, its ownership structure, and the disclosure quality. It was widely discussed in relation to the Asian crisis in 1997-98, because poor firm performance was assumed to be related to bad corporate governance . In particular, the East Asian economic model was said to reveal a â€Å"crony capitalism†, with the presence of numerous family-controlled groups, a high ownership concentration, a weak public governance, and poor monitoring of bank loans . The group Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) expanded impressively in the 1990s and became the largest pulp and paper producer in Asia outside Japan, and one of the top ten producers in the world. It attracted investors from all over the world in a context of â€Å"Asian miracle†, and because the giant pulp mills built in Indonesia were assumed to produce at the lowest cost in the world . Surprisingly, the group announced a debt standstill on $13 billion in 2001, the largest default for a private group in an emerging country At the same time, it was revealed that the industrial capacities had expanded at a much faster pace than the forest plantations, thus representing a high risk that operations would not be sustainable. Available studies showed the apparent lack of rationality in the decisions of the group, and the critical situation it faces from both financial and wood supply points of view. However, another explanation would be more convincing, which is based on the very rational behaviour of the ultimate owners of the group. This rationality being related to their ability: to increase their control of the decisions and accounts compared to their direct financial investments, to finance the expansion mainly with debts in order to reduce their own risks and to maximize their short-term profits, ,to benefit from a lax public governance context and a free access to natural forests for supplying fiber to the pulp mills. APP's trajectory has not been clean of obstacles , so with the tools provided by the theory strategy and organizational management we ‘re going to try to find the  «Ã‚  good  » way to manage that company . This is important because APP's default has attracted much attention so far, and the resolution of the case will impact on the willingness of foreigners to invest back in Indonesia. I. Company overview Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) has its roots in 1972, when the company Tjiwi Kimia was founded by Eka Tjipta Widjaja as a small caustic soda manufacturer. In 1978, Tjiwi Kimia commenced paper production of 12,000 tons/year. In December 1976, Indah Kiat was formed as a joint venture between CV Berkat (an Indonesian company), Chung Hwa Pulp Corporation and Yuen Foong Yu Paper Manufacturing Company Ltd. from Taiwan. In April 1979 Indah Kiat Tangerang mill’s Paper Machine 1 and 2 started with a production of 100 tons/day of wood free paper. By March 1984 Indah Kiat Perawang mill’s Pulp Machine 1 started producing bleached hardwood kraft pulp with an initial capacity of 250 tons/day. In May 1986 Sinar Mas Group acquired 67% of Indah Kiat’s total shares. Chung Hwa and Yuen Foong Yu had 23% and 10% shares respectively. In 1987 the first cast coating machine installed at Tjiwi Kimia, and in April 1990 Tjiwi Kimia was listed on the Jakarta and Surabaya Stock Exchange. In 1991 Tjiwi Kimia’s PM 9 started operation with an annual capacity of 207,000 tons. The following year Indah Kiat acquired PT Sinar Dunia Makmur, a manufacturer of industrial paper located in Serang with a 2. roduction capacity of 900 tons/day. jiwi Kimia commissioned the Carbonless Paper Plant in March 1993, an experiment The company Pindo Deli under control of APP in Feb. 1994, and by 1997 its paper machine #8 and #9 would both have begin operation with production capacity of 240,000 tons per year. In 1998, paper machine #11 started tissue production in Pindo Deli with annual production capacity of 400,000 tons started to operate. APP-China began investing in China in 1992, with an emp hasis on the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas. APP-China's pulp and paper mills now include Ningbo Zhonghua, Goldeast Paper, Ningbo Asia, Gold Huasheng, Gold Hongye, and Hainan Jinhai Pulp and Paper. APP-China was registered in Singapore in October 1994. APP-China employs over 37,000 people and created 5,000 new jobs in 2009 II. APP’S Financials, Environment issues and Mattel 1. APP’s financials Growth of the pulp and paper industry in Indonesia mainly came from leverage, which drove returns on equity ever higher. International financial institutions had played a central role in supplying the finances for APP. Its assets totaled US$17. billion, of which shareholders had financed 25 per cent (the most important shareholders being the Widjaja family, and the American fund managers, Franklin Templeton Investments and Capital Group), bondholders 38 per cent and banks 20 per cent. Over 300 international financial institutions, including many leading financial institutions (e. g. , investment banks in the U. S. , The Neth erlands, Switzerland and Germany) and export credit agencies were among those heavily involved in providing and guaranteeing this finance over the 10 years prior to 2001. Among the private financial institutions were Barclays Bank, NatWest, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, Credit Suisse First Boston, Goldman Sachs, Franklin Templeton, Capital Group, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Deutsche Bank, ABN Amro and Bank of China. The use of financial â€Å"mark-up† practices – that is, the artificial inflation of the cost of an investment project – had allowed some pulp and paper products to secure much larger amounts of financing for their projects than they actually needed. In fact, financial institutions queued up to invest in the Indonesian pulp and paper companies because they perceived that they had a competitive advantage due to their access to cheap raw material resources. The situation turned difficult for APP in April 2001 when it announced that it had failed to include a US$220 million loss on two currency swap contracts in its financial statements, quickly followed by an official announcement that earlier financial statements for 1997 to 1999 â€Å"should not be relied upon†. A confidential 2,000-page report from KPMG released in July 2001 listed questionable transactions and accounting entries made in 1999 and 2000 by APP’s four Indonesian entities, and noted $1. 6 billion in provisions for doubtful debts, reclassification of receivables as well as a $672 million in derivative losses from various APP units. Other transactions, including $457 million in guarantees for non-APP companies, brought the total amount in the â€Å"questionable† category to $4. 41 billion. 2. Environment issues APP-China invested over 300 million RMB in environmental conservation facilities and activities in 2009 alone, and had invested over 5 billion RMB in environmental protection by 2009. APP-China inn 2009 also achieved 100% treatment of its solid waste from its six major pulp and paper mills. APP-China was honored in 2009 with the â€Å"Award of Contribution to Low Carbon Business (Multinational Corporation)† at the first meeting of the Low Carbon Forum hosted by the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultatative Committee (CPPCC) and the China Association for Science and Technology. APP-China also received the â€Å"Green China Campaign-2009 Scientific Development of Forest Plantation Special Award† by the China Green Foundation and the State Bureau of Forestry, Center for Economic Development Research. Further, APP-China received the â€Å"2009 Scientific Forest Plantation Development Award† by the China Green Times. In November 2007, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) decided to rescind the rights of APP to use their logo, following pressure from other FSC Stakeholders, and a new policy approach by FSC Board of Directors. A investigation published in March 2008 by an environmental coalition called Eyes on the Forest showed evidence of a new road built by APP, heading through the Kampar peninsula, one of the world's largest contiguous tropical peat swamp forests, with more carbon per hectare than any other ecosystem on Earth. The investigation found tracks on the new road of the critically endangered Sumatran Tiger, whose wild population has been reduced to less than 500 individuals. APP claimed that it was building this state-of-the-art, paved highway for the benefit of the local communities, though satellite imagery shows that the road does not go anywhere near the two settlements. 3. Mattel On June 8, 2011, Greenpeace launched â€Å"Barbie, It's Over†, an international campaign criticising Mattel's use of Asia Pulp & Paper's products in its packaging, particularly in its line of Barbie products. Within two days of the campaign's start, Mattel ordered its packaging suppliers to stop buying from Asia Pulp & Paper pending an investigation into Greenpeace's deforestation allegations, and further ordered its suppliers to report on how they source materials. Asia Pulp ; Paper welcomed Mattel's response, believing that Mattel's investigation would conclude that its â€Å"packaging materials are more than 95% recycled paper sourced from around the world. † On October 5, 2011, Greenpeace announced that Mattel stated that it would no longer purchase pulp and paper products from Asia Pulp ; Paper due to the effects that its logging practices had on the Sumatran tiger population III. Challenges and recommanded strategy 1. The challenges The Strategy Group has identified many significant challenges facing the ndustry, including: * loss of demand for its products due to the consequences of the global financial crisis in late 2008 and early 2009 * increased consumer and business use of digital communications, resulting in a slowing of the growth in consumption of paper-based communication, including newspapers * increased competition from cheaper imports, often using fibre from unsustainable sources, resulting in an uneven international pl aying field * projected shortages in available wood-based fibre to provide feedstock for existing pulp and paper facilities, especially due to limits on timber plantation establishment * escalating costs of key industry inputs, especially electricity, and limitations on the ability of the industry to capitalise on its innate energy generation capability * level of investment has been low—those mills lacking investment are facing closure while others which have continued or increased investment have become automated and more efficient * he growth of China, India and other emerging economies such as Indonesia, which is significantly altering the traditional supply and demand dynamics for paper products * the low level of R;D by Australia’s pulp and paper companies affecting the level of innovation and international competitiveness they can achieve * government and community responses to climate change, affecting all industries in Asia, including the pulp and paper indust ry 2. Recommandations Recommendations can be grouped into four major themes: innovation, investment, sustainability and productivity. The first recommendation is fundamental to the entire strategy and stretches across all four themes. It deals with the government’s commitment to the long-term viability of the pulp and paper industry in Asia and its workers. Asian Government( China, Japan, Singapour,indnesia) make a clear public statement supporting the value and long-term viability of the Asian pulp and paper industry, recognising the industry’s commitment to good environmental outcomes and its key role in the provision of economic and social opportunities for thousands of Asian, many in vulnerable regional communities. Innovation A Pulp and Paper Industry Innovation Council shloud be established and appropriately funded to build a culture of innovation in the industry. The Innovation Council will recognise Asian’s competitive strengths in fibre production, product innovation and renewable energy, and focus on long-term issues facing the industry. Investment The asian Government establish a plantation investment model that delivers the re-establishment and expansion of timber plantations to underpin existing processing industries or led to the creation of new processing industries in asia . Sustainability The Australian Government work with industry to support internationally recognised forest certification schemes (including the Indonesian Forestry Standard, the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification and the Forest Stewardship Council’s certification scheme) that provide for legal and sustainable forest management which ensures transparency, accountability and global and local consistency of application. Productivity Noting the significant price increases associated with the exercise of generator market power in the National Electricity Market, the Ministerial Council on Energy should accelerate efforts to improve competition in the wholesale electricity market, including by increasing penalties and developing rule changes to limit the exercise of generator market power. The Asian Government should support workforce planning and development initiatives that underpin future economic opportunities for the pulp and paper industry and its workforce. IV. APP, a compa ny to watch APP is a company more in the news than not, and for some good reasons; it has a well known plan to be the Number 1 pulp and paper company in the world; it operates in one of the â€Å"hottest† regions, Indonesia, when it comes to the NGOs focus on deforestation and climate change; it has a strategy of organic growth that includes the installation of the biggest and very best and in pulp and paper technology: and a strategy of acquisitive growth that will probably put it firmly in the RISI headline news stakes even more regularly next year. With its bold mission to be the number 1, APP is going to have yet another tough year in 2011 as it comes under even closer scrutiny regarding its forestry and plantation operations in Indonesia. Indeed 2010 saw a ramping up of NGO activity aimed against the company, particularly from Greenpeace, in which it published a series of reports highlighting alleged environmental transgressions, as well as naming some of the major brands around the world that were buying the company's products. APP in return commissioned a series of independent reports, including one by former Greenpeace founder Dr Patrick Moore, refuting the allegations. But perhaps the real reason this company is one of our Five to Watch for next year is its seemingly unstoppable progress, with new expansions in both pulp and paper too numerous to mention, including the start up of the world's biggest fine paper machine located on Hainan Island, China. One of the main areas of interest is where all the fine paper that APP is producing is going to go as duties have now been imposed in both the US and Europe on fine paper coming in from China. Duties are also now being talked about in Brazil and India as anti-dumping fears in those countries come to the fore. Another major development on the horizon is APP's aggressive acquisition strategy abroad through its subsidiary Paper Excellence based in Holland which has already seen it buy up four pulp mills, two in France and two in Canada. Could we see APP making an acquisition of a major European or US pulp or paper company in 2011? Conclusion APP’s trajectory since the early 1990s has been very impressive for several reasons. Focusing at first on Indonesia to develop a pulp and paper empire in order to become one of the top ten producers in the world, the group achieved its objective owing to very lax attitudes on the part of investors both from Indonesia and abroad. The context of the early and mid 1990s, with the so-called ‘Asian miracle’ and the Indonesian government’s official policy of pushing industries with a clear export-oriented stance, and the availability of huge forest areas for conversion, permitted the extraordinarily fast expansion of APP’s capacity. This expansion has been mainly based on debts, either through bond issuance or bank loans. In conclusion, Asia Pulp & Paper seems to illustrate the theories saying that the divergence between ownership and control through pyramid structures corresponds to poor corporate governance and leads to lower firm performance. References â€Å"Why a ‘Green' Logo May Mean Little,† Wall Street Journal, 30 Oct 2007 * New APP Logging Road Threatens One of World’s Biggest Carbon-Storing Forests, Tigers; Eyes on the Forest, March 2008 * Logging Road Threatens Rare Peat Dome, Tigers * People's Daily Online – Forestry authorities charges Singaporean paper giant with illegal logging * Asia Times Online  :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam * a b FSC rules in upheaval after green groups level accusations at APP | printweek. com | Latest Print Industry News, Jobs, Features, Product Reviews, Used Printing and Packaging Machinery * FT. com / Home UK / UK – The usefulness of scholarships and tigers * Ethical Corporation: Archive – APP decision a â€Å"landmark† for China’s environmentalists * http://www. rainforest-alliance. rg/forestry/documents/app. pdf * wikipedia * APP ‘ s Annual report 2010 , from www. freereport. com * http://www. ppimagazine. com/ppiissue/ ————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Sumatran Tiger incident  : During late July 2011 Greenpeace revealed images and footage on their website that showed a critically endangered Sumatran tiger. This tiger had become trapped by an animal snare at the edge of an APP concession, and had been there for at least seven days, without food or water. Attempts to tranquilise and rescue the tiger failed due to its poor condition of health. APP denied any responsibility, despite reports to the contrary.

Virtue ethics and the ethics of care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtue ethics and the ethics of care - Essay Example There are arguments about the existence of single tradition in virtue ethics that emphasize virtue being knowledge and focus on direct unselfishness. There is no disagreement about that form of ethics of care and virtue ethics. Moreover, there are moral objections to generalize the essentially asymmetric relationships of justice case as reciprocal fairness to an ethic of care. Virtue ethics notes the character matter above everything else. Staying a life that is ethical or acting in a right manner requires demonstrating and developing virtues of compassion, courage, temperance, and wisdom. In addition, it needs avoiding vices such as jealousy, selfishness, and greed. Care of ethics concerns with ethical consideration on relations before any other factors. Consequently, acting in a right manner involves, strengthening, maintain, and building strong relationships (Slote, 134). Acting in a right manner thus shows care and concern for others and for their relationships. Care ethicists feel that relationships are essential to thinking ethically. According to Slote (174) Manning Rita and Aristotle both, have varying theories whenever it comes to ethics. Aristotle utilizes virtue ethics when answering morality questions while Manning use care of ethics to answer morality questions. Virtue ethics claim actions of people focuses on achieving happiness. From happiness, virtues of morality stems from causes managing soul desires. On the other hand, Manning believes that actions of morality widen from persons caring each other on an individual level. Through growing the abilities to care for other persons, people become aware morally of how to behave on particular cases. When asking, â€Å"How do I live?† Manning and Aristotle will approach with variant factors (Slote, 201). The manner in which individual people reply to the question contains unique excellence areas and areas that the question poses challenge. Basing on how each theories work, Rita and Aristotle

Write an Executive Summary that is well written and has a clear idea Research Paper

Write an Executive Summary that is well written and has a clear idea of 's organization and structure - Research Paper Example AJLM Manufacturing Inc. has announced its plans to improve its welding capabilities and improve the processes in the facilities within the company. AJLM Manufacturing Inc. is the small provider of metal welding and fabrication in the region, the company is now making it public its strategy to expand and improve welding services it is providing to its customers in different industries (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). The company’s vision is to be the company that provides precise welding capabilities to its customers in the best way they can. The company has a very good background with regard to welding services and in light of its move to expand and digitize it operations AJLM Manufacturing Inc. is confident that it has the ability to provide the best quality service required for application in diverse industries ranging from commercial to automotive industries. The company is planning to upgrade its welding equipment (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). The expansion will also include upgrading current spray arc, stainless steel and aluminum welding as well as silver soldering systems. With digitization and expansion the company will be in a better position than before to provide the essential welding service. There are different welding systems used by the company and with the company have continued to offer its customers quality source of welding services in the region and now moving across to other county. With this the company is alive to the fact that it is very important not only to be equipped with a lot of welding capabilities but also to upgrade them as well (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). When it comes to welding the company adopts different technique and uses different tools they have acquired and the ones they have kept and maintained over time. The current project at hand is to digitize and expand, and the companies technicians will be trained to acquaint

Financial strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial strategy - Essay Example It is however, critical to understand that such balancing act often depend upon the firm’s choice of the risk level which it attempts to undertake. (Walsh, 1996), As such the growing firms may be more risk loving and willing to take on higher level of risks and therefore all their decisions to expand and develop their markets will be based upon the higher degree of risk firm is willing to assume. Similarly, if a firm is more mature and risk averse in nature, its overall strategies will be relatively different as compared to a growing firm. (De Wit, & Meyer,1998). This paper will attempt to argue and explore that a firm’s overall risk consciousness governs the underlying strategies of the firm. The concept of Risk and firm The question of whether risk is the major factor behind the strategy formulation or not need to be discussed from the different perspectives. Each organization operates in an environment which is both internal and external to it and therefore develops its strategies in accordance with its environment. Firms, to a large extent, develop their capabilities to deal with the risks arising from their internal environment however; it’s the external competitive landscape of a firm which poses it significant and important risks because of the volatile and uncontrollable nature of the external environment. The overall development of the risk consciousness of the firm therefore largely depends upon the kind of external environment faced by the firm and how firm can actually utilize its strengths to withstands such external risks Risk as a concept therefore outlines that the outcome of any decisions or strategies of a firm may not be exactly according to what is perceived by the firm. As such it becomes critically important for the firms to account for and plan risks and develop strategies which can help them to counter risks arising from their internal as well as external environment. It is this uncertainty of the external environmen t which firms need to account for and prepare themselves through proper planning and strategy formulation process. It is also important to understand that the overall risk factors in an external environment can be diverse however; normally firms perform PESTLE Analysis to analyze their external environment. PESTLE Analysis allows the firms to actually evaluate the impact which political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors could have on the firm. (Ellis, & Williams, 1993) If a firm has relatively high tolerance for the risk, it may choose to work in an environment which can be politically volatile and uncertain. For example, any firm willing to operate in Afghanistan now must have relatively higher tolerance for the risk because of volatile and extremely uncertain political environment. As such its policies and strategies will be driven by the volatility of the external environment within which it is operating or willing to operate. Risk and Return Risk and Return criteria serves as the basic premise under which all the economic decisions are made. Every investor as well as the firm attempts to decide and take actions based on their overall risk and return profile.

Public and Private Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public and Private Goods - Essay Example Examples of public goods include street lighting, roads, television broadcasts, fresh air and clean water. Street lighting is referred to as a public good. This is because the there is a unison demand of the product. The demand and supply of the good is the same to all consumers. The service s offered by street lights cannot be depleted by one individual. Additionally, the ownership of street lights cannot be dictated one person. The elasticity of the good cannot change any form since the demand does not change. Television broadcast as a good is public good. Broadcasting has indirect demand thus the elasticity of its price does not change. It is categorized as public good since there are no rights for ownership for individuals. The demand of another person does not affect the supply of another (Guess, 2003). Roads are the most common public goods. They are used by every individual regardless of the use. They cannot be owned by an individual and the price elasticity of roads cannot change since its maintenance funds do not affect the consumers directly. Fresh air and clean water are the most available public goods (Meyer, 2010). They occur naturally hence cannot be owned by an individual. There is equal demand on the commodity and the supply to an individual does not affect the supply to another person. These are goods that have financial benefits to individuals (Guess, 2003). They are excludable and the owners can exercise the right to ownership. They are scarce and have competition. They have a varying elasticity of demand depending on the demand and quality. They include food, clothing, electronics, cars and furniture. Food as a private good has competition. The demand of food is usually much higher than the supply of food. There is competition for the commodity. Owners of the good have the right to own the goods and dictate the pricing of the

Software Engendering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Engendering - Assignment Example Additionally, it can be stated that the fact that this kind of a development method helps the customers to select the next set of releases by pinpointing on the most valuable features (often called stories) while analyzing them on the basis of cost factors plays a major role in reducing the time period required for development (Beck 71). The fourth characteristic of this kind of a development method is the fact that the larger project can be divided in to multiple smaller assignments and can be handled individually by the various team members in a very short time span. Another very important characteristic is the fact that this kind of a development method has an iteration step, the main goal of which is to produce the new stories that have been already tested. Types of software that can be developed by using the agile development and extreme programming method While trying to identify the software that can be developed by implementing an agile development, the focus needs to be give n on the nature of operations that are associated with this development method. It has to be mentioned that this kind of a development requires continuous engagement as well as participation of the client (Fowler, â€Å"Is Design Dead†). ... The continuous interaction of the client with the developers as well as the need to develop the projects in a very short time span will greatly help in implementing and following this kind of a development method. Apart from outsourced projects, this kind of extreme programming as well as agile development method can be followed in-house project developments for SME organizations where the requirements are not properly defined (Beck, 1999, p. 77). Comparing agile development method with Waterfall model It needs to be highlighted that the waterfall model comprises four different and very important steps like analysis, design, implementation as well as test. The waterfall model requires a proper planning of the entire processes. Each of the four important stages of the waterfall model is very time consuming in nature. It also needs to be stated that since the entire process is very stringent in nature, the ability to make any incremental changes in the development process of the softwa re is very low. The long development cycles of the waterfall model makes it very y harmful for the entire developing team as it unnecessarily blocks the required amount of resources. In comparing the waterfall model with that of the agile development method, it can be stated that the agile development method is highly flexible in nature. Also, the entire development time can be reduced in a great manner under the agile development model. Comparing agile development method with Iterative model In elaborating about the iterative model, it can be stated that the model follows similar stages as compared to that of the waterfall model. However, the time consumption in the process of project development is relatively shorter as

Large of numbers of people really leave home because of environmental Essay

Large of numbers of people really leave home because of environmental problems - Essay Example The environment is one of these developments that are influencing the movement of people from their homes. The environment encompasses a number of factors in it including climatic change (Schipper and Pelling, 2006). Most of these environmental factors are natural, and human beings do not have the ability to prevent them. The effects of these environmental factors are so severe that they force people flee their homes. The United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) recent reports indicate that the number of environmental refugees has increased suggesting the severity of this matter. The factors that force people to move away from their homes can be summarized into two broad categories. These broad categories are climatic change factors and natural disasters. Climatic change accounts for the majority of environmental migration cases (Afolayan and Adelekan, 2009). Global warming affects the ecosystem, which leads to drying up of rivers and other sources of water. Individuals have no access to clean water to sustain their life. Others whose livelihoods come from farming have no water to irrigate their lands. Lack of water will force people to move to other locations that have adequate water. Climatic change affects health, availability of food and water, the ecosystem and the coastal regions, which affect the settlements of individuals. Food is a basic factor that is necessary for the survival of human beings. Most people especially in Africa depend on farming to provide them with food. Weather and climatic changes in some regions are becoming increasingly unpredictable nowadays due to degradation of the environment (Ezra, 2001). Individuals will move to other areas that are productive in terms of farming. Some areas are prone to diseases due to the environment. For instance, cold areas are breeding sites for mosquitoes. Rainfall causes development of swamps in some areas. These swamps create breeding sites for mosquitoes. Places

Digital Forensics in the Criminal Justice System Essay - 4

Digital Forensics in the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example The paper looks at the work area with the discussion of the digital and non-digital items in Mr. Yourprop’s former Company work area. For the company to achieve its objectives, the work area items should support the working condition of the workers in the company. Before searching for Mr. Yourprop’s former Company work area, the searcher should first get the authority to enter into the premises. The searcher should first seek the permission of the owner of the company. This allows the owner to have the full confidence of the person who is searching the company. During the documentation of the authority, the researcher should ensure that he/she has created trust in the mind of the owner. He/she should show evidence of authentication and certificate for searching. He/she show a permit of search from a registered company by law or an authority letter from a government agency. Having all this is one of the means of getting trust from the company on search. The letter should be signed and stamped by a person in authority showing authentic measures (McNurlin, Sprague & Bui, 1989). On the side of the company being searched, the officials there or the CEO should accept the request for being searched. The CEO should consider search after finding that the searcher is authorized from a recognised office. He/she should sign the letter and keep a photocopy or a scanned copy of the letter. In the photo of Mr. Yourprop’s work area, there are three main digital items evidence. These are; Desktop and Laptop, Digital Voice Recorder and USB flash disk. In the laptop and the desktop, the memory storage may hold a lot of information. The information could be ranging from financial information, human information, accounts, quality and standard with other more information. This information help the search work of search. The Second item is the voice recorder. The voice recorder will help to get any voice recorded in a meeting or the office. Lastly, the USB flash disk also

European Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

European Business - Research Paper Example As a result, various important countries were trapped in a deflationary ensnare. The impact was visible almost in every sector of the global economy. One of the major causes revealed by the evidences is the inefficiency of the financial markets in controlling the liquidity ratio with over liberalised monetary policies in most of the developed countries. Notably, the impact was strongest in terms of international trade and investment (UNCTAD, 2009). Considering the fact, this report will emphasise on the current global economic situation. The impact of the current trends will be further analysed with the example of a multinational company, Nissan in terms of international trade and investment. ... The financial measures undertaken by the governments of developed countries have significantly contributed to the financial stability of the world economy. However, the structural limitations faced by these economies are likely to cause risks in relation to the debt, real estate and credit markets along with other factors which in turn can affect the overall economic stability. Lower GDP growth rate, widening fiscal deficit, political conflict, and other similar issues can be observed as the most effective trends in the current economic situation concerning the developed countries (UNCTAD, 2010). Surprisingly, the developing countries were recorded to be least effected by the recent economic downturn, gaining an extra advantage of sovereignty in the world economy. Comparatively well-structured fiscal policies and a strong growth of GDP have evidently signified the developing countries as the major drivers of economic upturn in the current scenario. Contradicting to the developed econ omies, the growth trends of the developing nations signify ample opportunities for international trade and investment. However, the economies can be witnessed to possess few limitations in terms of their dependency on the developed countries. Moreover, the developing economies are also recorded to face the challenges in terms of structural issues which depict a moderate growth prospect on the future context (Department for Business Innovation & Skills, 2011). These trends can also be witnessed in the context of EU economies. Notably, the member states of EU comprises of both developed as well as developing economies. This depicts that the European market is likely to face the risks of weak and moderate growth along with various challenges in terms of fiscal

Classical Conditioning Essay Example for Free

Classical Conditioning Essay It is a continuous challenge living with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and I’ve suffered from it for most of my life. I can look back now and gently laugh at all the people who thought I had the perfect life. I was young, beautiful, and talented, but unbeknownst to them, I was terrorized by an undiagnosed debilitating mental illness. Having been properly diagnosed with PTSD at age 35, I know that there is not one aspect of my life that has gone untouched by this mental illness. My PTSD was triggered by several traumas, most importantly a sexual attack at knifepoint that left me thinking I would die. I would never be the same after that attack. For me there was no safe place in the world, not even my home. I went to the police and filed a report. Rape counselors came to see me while I was in the hospital, but I declined their help, convinced that I didn’t need it. This would be the most damaging decision of my life. For months after the attack, I couldn’t close my eyes without envisioning the face of my attacker. I suffered horrific flashbacks and nightmares. For four years after the attack I was unable to sleep alone in my house. I obsessively checked windows, doors, and locks. By age 17, I’d suffered my first panic attack. Soon I became unable to leave my apartment for weeks at a time, ending my modeling career abruptly. This just became a way of life. Years passed when I had few or no symptoms at all, and I led what I thought was a fairly normal life, just thinking I had a â€Å"panic problem. † Then another traumatic event retriggered the PTSD. It was as if the past had evaporated, and I was back in the place of my attack, only now I had uncontrollable thoughts of someone entering my house and harming my daughter. I saw violent images every time I closed my eyes. I lost all ability to concentrate or even complete simple tasks. Normally social, I stopped trying to make friends or get involved in my community. I often felt disoriented, forgetting where, or who, I was. I would panic on the freeway and became unable to drive, again ending a career. I felt as if I had completely lost my mind. For a time, I managed to keep it together on the outside, but then I became unable to leave my house again. Around this time I was diagnosed with PTSD. I cannot express to you the enormous relief I felt when I discovered my condition was real and treatable. I felt safe for the first time in 32 years. Taking medication and undergoing behavioral therapy marked the turning point in my regaining control of my life. I’m rebuilding a satisfying career as an artist, and I am enjoying my life. The world is new to me and not limited by the restrictive vision of anxiety. It amazes me to think back to what my life was like only a year ago, and just how far I’ve come. For me there is no cure, no final healing. But there are things I can do to ensure that I never have to suffer as I did before being diagnosed with PTSD. I’m no longer at the mercy of my disorder, and I would not be here today had I not had the proper diagnosis and treatment. The most important thing to know is that it’s never too late to seek help. [1] In the early part of the 20th century, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) was studying the digestive system of dogs when he noticed an interesting behavioral phenomenon: The dogs began to salivate when the lab technicians who normally fed them entered the room, even though the dogs had not yet received any food. Pavlov realized that the dogs were salivating because they knew that they were about to be fed; the dogs had begun to associate the arrival of the technicians with the food that soon followed their appearance in the room. With his team of researchers, Pavlov began studying this process in more detail. He conducted a series of experiments in which, over a number of trials, dogs were exposed to a sound immediately before receiving food. He systematically controlled the onset of the sound and the timing of the delivery of the food, and recorded the amount of the dogs’ salivation. Initially the dogs salivated only when they saw or smelled the food, but after several pairings of the sound and the food, the dogs began to salivate as soon as they heard the sound. The animals had learned to associate the sound with the food that followed. Pavlov identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e. g. , a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e. g. , food) that naturally produces a specific behavior. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior. As you can see in the following figure, psychologists use specific terms to identify the stimuli and the responses in classical conditioning. Theunconditioned stimulus (US) is something (such as food) that triggers a natural occurring response, and the unconditioned response (UR) is the naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiment, the sound of the tone served as the conditioned stimulus that, after learning, produced the conditioned response (CR), which is the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus. Note that the UR and the CR are the same behavior—in this case salivation—but they are given different names because they are produced by different stimuli (the US and the CS, respectively). Classical Conditioning Before conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) naturally produces the unconditioned response (UR). Top right: Before conditioning, the neutral stimulus (the whistle) does not produce the salivation response. Bottom left: The unconditioned stimulus (US), in this case the food, is repeatedly presented immediately after the neutral stimulus. Bottom right: After learning, the neutral stimulus (now known as the conditioned stimulus or CS), is sufficient to produce the conditioned responses (CR). From Flat World Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology, v1. 0, CC-BY-NC-SA. Conditioning is evolutionarily beneficial because it allows organisms to develop expectations that help them prepare for both good and bad events. Imagine, for instance, that an animal first smells a new food, eats it, and then gets sick. If the animal can learn to associate the smell (CS) with the food (US), then it will quickly learn that the food creates the negative outcome and will not eat it next time. Module 13 /The Persistence and Extinction of Conditioning After he had demonstrated that learning could occur through association, Pavlov moved on to study the variables that influenced the strength and the persistence of conditioning. In some studies, after the conditioning had taken place, Pavlov presented the sound repeatedly but without presenting the food afterward. As you can see, after the initial acquisition (learning) phase in which the conditioning occurred, when the CS was then presented alone, the behavior rapidly decreased—the dogs salivated less and less to the sound, and eventually the sound did not elicit salivation at all. Extinction is the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. Although at the end of the first extinction period the CS was no longer producing salivation, the effects of conditioning had not entirely disappeared. Pavlov found that, after a pause, sounding the tone again elicited salivation, although to a lesser extent than before extinction took place. The increase in responding to the CS following a pause after extinction is known as spontaneous recovery. When Pavlov again presented the CS alone, the behavior again showed extinction. Although the behavior has disappeared, extinction is never complete. If conditioning is again attempted, the animal will learn the new associations much faster than it did the first time. Pavlov also experimented with presenting new stimuli that were similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus. For instance, if the dog had been conditioned to being scratched before the food arrived, the stimulus would be changed to being rubbed rather than scratched. He found that the dogs also salivated upon experiencing the similar stimulus, a process known as generalization. Generalization refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. The ability to generalize has important evolutionary significance. If we eat some red berries and they make us sick, it would be a good idea to think twice before we eat some purple berries. Although the berries are not exactly the same, they nevertheless are similar and may have the same negative properties. Lewicki [1] conducted research that demonstrated the influence of stimulus generalization and how quickly and easily it can happen. In his experiment, high school students first had a brief interaction with a female experimenter who had short hair and glasses. The study was set up so that the students had to ask the experimenter a question, and (according to random assignment) the experimenter responded either in a negative way or a neutral way toward the students. Then the students were told to go into a second room in which two experimenters were present, and to approach either one of them. However, the researchers arranged it so that one of the two experimenters looked a lot like the original experimenter, while the other one did not (she had longer hair and no glasses). The students were significantly more likely to avoid the experimenter who looked like the earlier experimenter when that experimenter had been negative to them than when she had treated them more neutrally. The participants showed stimulus generalization such that the new, similar-looking experimenter created the same negative response in the participants as had the experimenter in the prior session. The flip side of generalization is discrimination—the tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical. Pavlov’s dogs quickly learned, for example, to salivate when they heard the specific tone that had preceded food, but not upon hearing similar tones that had never been associated with food. Discrimination is also useful—if we do try the purple berries, and if they do not make us sick, we will be able to make the distinction in the future. And we can learn that although the two people in our class, Courtney and Sarah, may look a lot alike, they are nevertheless different people with different personalities. In some cases, an existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulus—a process known as second-order conditioning. In one of Pavlov’s studies, for instance, he first conditioned the dogs to salivate to a sound, and then repeatedly paired a new CS, a black square, with the sound. Eventually he found that the dogs would salivate at the sight of the black square alone, even though it had never been directly associated with the food. Secondary conditioners in everyday life include our attractions to things that stand for or remind us of something else, such as when we feel good on a Friday because it has become associated with the paycheck that we receive on that day, which itself is a conditioned stimulus for the pleasures that the paycheck buys us. Module 13 /The Role of Nature in Classical Conditioning Scientists associated with the behaviorist school argued that all learning is driven by experience, and that nature plays no role. Classical conditioning, which is based on learning through experience, represents an example of the importance of the environment. But classical conditioning cannot be understood entirely in terms of experience. Nature also plays a part, as our evolutionary history has made us better able to learn some associations than others. Clinical psychologists make use of classical conditioning to explain the learning of a phobia—a strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. For example, driving a car is a neutral event that would not normally elicit a fear response in most people. But if a person were to experience a panic attack in which he suddenly experienced strong negative emotions while driving, he may learn to associate driving with the panic response. The driving has become the CS that now creates the fear response. Psychologists have also discovered that people do not develop phobias to just anything. Although people may in some cases develop a driving phobia, they are more likely to develop phobias toward objects (such as snakes, spiders, heights, and open spaces) that have been dangerous to people in the past. In modern life, it is rare for humans to be bitten by spiders or snakes, to fall from trees or buildings, or to be attacked by a predator in an open area. Being injured while riding in a car or being cut by a knife are much more likely. But in our evolutionary past, the potential of being bitten by snakes or spiders, falling out of a tree, or being trapped in an open space were important evolutionary concerns, and therefore humans are still evolutionarily prepared to learn these associations over others. [1] [2] Another evolutionarily important type of conditioning is conditioning related to food. In his important research on food conditioning, John Garcia and his colleagues [3] [4] attempted to condition rats by presenting either a taste, a sight, or a sound as a neutral stimulus before the rats were given drugs (the US) that made them nauseous. Garcia discovered that taste conditioning was extremely powerful—the rat learned to avoid the taste associated with illness, even if the illness occurred several hours later. But conditioning the behavioral response of nausea to a sight or a sound was much more difficult. These results contradicted the idea that conditioning occurs entirely as a result of environmental events, such that it would occur equally for any kind of unconditioned stimulus that followed any kind of conditioned stimulus. Rather, Garcia’s research showed that genetics matters—organisms are evolutionarily prepared to learn some associations more easily than others. You can see that the ability to associate smells with illness is an important survival mechanism, allowing the organism to quickly learn to avoid foods that are poisonous. Classical conditioning has also been used to help explain the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as in the case of P. K. Philips described at the beginning of this module. PTSD is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a fearful event, such as the threat of death. [5] PTSD occurs when the individual develops a strong association between the situational factors that surrounded the traumatic event (e. g. , military uniforms or the sounds or smells of war) and the US (the fearful trauma itself). As a result of the conditioning, being exposed to, or even thinking about the situation in which the trauma occurred (the CS), becomes sufficient to produce the CR of severe anxiety. [6] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Case of Classical Conditioning Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a case of classical conditioning to a severe trauma that does not easily become extinct. In this case the original fear response, experienced during combat, has become conditioned to a loud noise. When the person with PTSD hears a loud noise, he or she experiences a fear response despite being far from the site of the original trauma. From Flat World Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology, v1. 0.  © Thinkstock. PTSD develops because the emotions experienced during the event have produced neural activity in the amygdala and created strong conditioned learning. In addition to the strong conditioning that people with PTSD experience, they also show slower extinction in classical conditioning tasks. [7] In short, people with PTSD have developed very strong associations with the events surrounding the trauma and are also slow to show extinction to the conditioned stimulus.

How Do Drugs Interact With Receptors Biology Essay

How Do Drugs Interact With Receptors Biology Essay Illustrate with named drug examples. Receptors are highly important in cell function as they allow communication between a cell and its neighbours and controls the way a cell functions with stimuli or depression, usually from the central nervous system via the brain and spinal cord (Patrick, 2005). The nerves that communicate with their respective cells do not connect directly to their target cells, and there has to be some way of carrying their message across a gap of only 100 Ã…, and this is achieved by the release of chemical messengers from the nerve cell to interact with receptors in the target cell membrane (Patrick, 2005). These receptors are protein molecules, usually embedded in the cell membrane, with a certain area of this protein on the outside of the cell which is able to bind this chemical messenger due to the proteins structure. This binding of the chemical messenger leads to the activation of the receptor which leads to the desired effect which can occur via a numb er of methods (Katzung, 2001). When this process goes wrong, for example of too much or not enough messengers are released, then disease states can occur, with Parkinsons disease, depression and psychosis being among many diseases thought to be resulting from this sort of pathophysiology (Patrick, 2005). When this occurs, drugs, which may be defined as any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions (Katzung, 2001), can be used to have an effect on the desired receptors to increase or decrease their activity, and hopefully restore the balance as close to the physiological normal as possible. In this essay, I shall first discuss how drugs can have their effect on receptors and will then go on to discuss how these drugs work on different types of receptors to treat disease. There are many, many different receptors in the body with different shapes, sizes, regulating factors and functions. These can be classified into five main classes: (i) ligand gated ion channels, (ii) intracellular receptors for lipid soluble agents, (iii) ligand regulated transmembrane enzymes, (iv) cytokine receptors, and (v) G proteins and second messengers (Patrick, 2005). Throughout the essay, I will try to explain how drugs interact with receptors and how this can affect their function. I will also try and use a balanced coverage of the above receptor classes as examples when describing how drugs can affect a receptors function. Firstly, a drug may be used to mimic the action of a natural chemical messenger to activate the receptor and cause an increase of activity at that cell, for example, initiating muscle movement or secretion of a hormone (Patrick, 2005). These types of drugs are called agonists, but their function at a receptor depends on a number of factors that need to be considered when designing new drugs. One requirement is that the drug has to have the correct binding groups, so that the required number of interactions, for example, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions etc.; can be made between the drug and the receptor, and that these interactions are strong enough to stimulate the receptor, but not too strong so that the drug does not leave the receptor after binding (Katzung, 2001). The drug must also have the correct size and shape to fit into the receptor binding site and allow these interactions to occur. If the drug is too small, the drug will not be able to sufficie ntly form the required interactions with the receptor, and if too big, the drug will not be able to fit into the binding site at all. This has become a lot easier since the protein structures of many receptors, and their binding sites, have been identified via genetic engineering, computer based molecular modeling and X ray crystallography, allowing for the design of specific drugs to fit these binding sites (Patrick, 2005). In terms of how the chemical messengers and drugs have their effect on the receptor to activate it, it is thought that the binding interactions of the messenger molecule cause the receptor to change shape. As an example, if a receptor had three binding sites, when the agonist reaches the receptor, it may only interact with two of the three required interactions. In order for the third interaction to take place, the protein must undergo a conformational change, and with this change, the receptor will become activated and cause a change in the cells activity (Katz ung, 2001). This is a very simplified view and in reality, the conformational changes needed to open a channel such as an ion channel are complex and often, the lock gate is not in close proximity to the receptor binding site, but the same ideas are common to both. A very common prescribed agonist is Salbutamol, a selective ÃŽ ²-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, in the treatment of asthma (Waldeck, 2002). This is a G protein coupled receptor which is expressed mainly in the lungs in the alveolar walls. When this receptor is activated, levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) via G-protein activation of adenyl cyclase. The increase in cAMP in the cells influences cAMP dependant protein kinases which contribute to regulation of muscle tone and reduce free calcium ions on the cell by stopping their influx from outside the cell and also their release from intracellular stores (Kroeze, 2003). This then results in relaxation of the central and peripheral airway smooth muscle and therefore bronchodilation (Sears, 2005). Benzodiazepines can be used as anticonvulsants for treatment of epileptic seizures and work by acting as agonists of the GABAA receptor in the central nervous system. These work by binding to a specific benzodiazepine binding site at the interface of the ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ³ subunits which is present on a subset of GABAA receptors (Treiman, 2001). When a benzodiazepine binds to this site, it increases the affinity of the receptor protein to bind GABA, and therefore increases the chance that the channel will open. With the channel more likely to be open, this allows the flow of chloride ions through the channel and therefore hyperpolarizes the membrane and makes the associated neuron less likely to potentiate an action potential, hence the drugs sedative properties (Treiman, 2001). Agonists are a good therapeutics agent for when there is not enough chemical messenger in a system, but what if there is too much being produced? In this situation, an antagonist is used. An antagonist is a drug that can bind to a receptor binding site but does not produce a functional conformational change like an agonist, or if it does change the shape of the receptor protein, it does so in a way in which the desired effect on the cell does not occur (Patrick, 2005). These are called competitive antagonists as they compete with the natural chemical messenger for the receptor binding site and therefore block the action of the messenger, preventing it from having its effect. Competitive agonists are usually designed to bind to the binding site more strongly, so enhancing its anagonistic effects (Patrick, 2005). Antagonists can also work on the receptors but not actually at the binding site. These are termed allosteric antagonists with the drug binding to a different part of the recep tor and the interactions involved may then distort the shape of the receptor in such a way that the natural chemical transmitter cannot bind as the binding site will no longer be compatible. This is an example of non-competitive antagonism as the drug is not competing with the natural chemical messenger for the same binding site (Katzung, 2001). An example of an ion channel antagonist is Amlodipine, which has its effect on voltage gated L-type (slowly inactivating) calcium channels (Abernethy, 1999). This drug is used for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, for example, hypertension and angina pectoris (Abernethy, 1999). With the calcium channels blocked, there is less influx of calcium into the cell, and in smooth muscle cells, this decrease in the intracellular messenger leads to a reduction in muscle contraction. This means that vasodilation takes place and leads to a decrease in blood pressure (Abernethy, 1999). Sometimes, a drug is discovered that cannot be classed as a pure agonist or a pure antagonist, its action involves it having some effect on a receptor to produce its activation, but not as much as would be seen with an agonist. These are termed partial agonists. There are many theories into how these work because it does seem strange that an agonist can only work partially. One such explanation is that when the partial agonist binds to the binding site, it does form the required interactions to produce a conformational change, but this change is not exactly the same as a pure agonist, and so may only activate the channel partially, for example, by only partly opening an ion channel (Patrick, 2005). Another theory involves the partial agonist being able to bind to the receptor in more than one place, so one method of binding would produce an agonist effect and the other an antagonist effect. This balance between the two would result in only a proportion of the receptors being activate d, hence, the partial antagonistic effect (Katzung, 2001). An example of a partial agonist is clozapine which is classified as an atypical antipsychotic and can be used for its anti-depressive and anti-anxiolytic effects in some patients. Along with effecting dopamine receptors, it also binds to serotonergic receptors, particularly the 5-HT1A receptor, to which it has its partial agonist effect (Meltzer, 1989). There is another way drugs can interact with receptors and this is in the form of an inverse agonist. These work on the principle that some receptors have constitutive activity, for example the GABA receptors, in which they are active at all times, regardless of signals they are receiving, so can be active even without the presence of a natural chemical messenger or an agonist (Patrick, 2005). This can even be true when an antagonist is present as the antagonist has the same binding affinity to both the active and inactive receptors, so there is no change in biological activity because the active receptor remains active. An inverse agonist has the effect of binding to the receptors and stabilising them in the inactive state, so will reduce the number of active receptors that are functioning, so will almost prevent any receptors from being active as it even stops the constitutive activity, so has a negative efficacy (Patrick, 2005). Figure 1 represents a diagrammatical representation of this (Lambert, 2004). Cimetidine, a H2 receptor inverse agonist, is used for the treatment of dyspepsia and peptic ulcers (Wallmark, 1983). It works by blocking the binding of histamine to the receptor on the parietal cells which reduces the amount of acid that is secreted by these cells into the stomach (Wallmark, 1983). The parietal cells secrete more acid when stimulated by histamine release after a meal, but also have a constitutive activity, which the inverse agonist also suppresses (Wallmark, 1983). Fig. 1 Graphical representation of the negative effect that inverse agonists have on receptors when compared to an antagonist and an agonist (Lambert, 2004). In conclusion, there is many ways in which drugs can act on receptors to modify their effect and this can be utilised for treating disease when a system goes out of balance. As mentioned previously, huge advancements have been made since more is now known regarding the structure of receptors and their binding sites. In the future, with more knowledge acquired in this field, further drugs can be manufactured which can be much more specific to their respective receptor and so can produce specific desired effects. This is of particular importance in conditions affecting the brain as disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and Parkinsons disease are associated with an imbalance in neurotransmitters and improvements in the drugs available to us to treat such conditions will benefit millions of people all around the world.

Factors Affecting the Global Nursing Shortage

Factors Affecting the Global Nursing Shortage Nursing shortage has increased greatly and rapidly in recent years with well developed hospital systems. However, as considering nursing job satisfaction, commitment, and quality of care as a significant issues for health care organizations, there are high level of turnover rate and staff absenteeism. Nevertheless, satisfied nurses are more commitment; provide high level of performance, and creative. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the relationship between staff satisfaction, patient satisfaction, and the quality of provided care (AL-Hussami, 2008). It found that nursing satisfaction is affected by several factors. Higgins (1999) point out, nurses will have a great sense of satisfaction within the job if they work autonomously, and empowered them self. While Chen-chug, Samuels and Judith (2003) indicated that health care policies have an impact on nursing satisfaction as an effective policies will meet the staff needs and be more satisfied. Work related factors such as workload and stress, clinical supervision, salary, leadership style, and motivation are the most related factors related to job satisfaction among the nurses (Bartram, Joiner, and Stanton; AL-Hussami 2008) Working as a nursing demonstrator at King Abdu Aziz University (KAAU) and acting as a clinical instructor in the university hospital (KAAUH) with regard to nursing management, I have a professional interest to enhancing the quality of nursing care by identifying the associated factors of job dissatisfaction. Embarking on this fieldwork, the following paper will focus exclusively on the methods of practicing theory-based and acquired nursing knowledge by employing Herzberg job satisfaction theory into the environment of improving the quality of nursing care and to be satisfied with the job in KAAUH. First of all, reflection of my experience by using Carper model will be presented. Secondly, the concept of job satisfaction will be defined. Then a detailed description of Herzberg theory will be discussed. Finally, applying of Herzberg theory in to practice to have a high job satisfaction among nurses will be explained. Aesthetic: In this experience I tried to maintain a healthful work environment with a high quality of care by reducing the level of stress and anxiety for both the staff nurse and the patient. Moreover, I was seeking to have an effective communication and relationship with this patient to be more relaxed and satisfied with the provided care. Also, the patient safety is an important issue should be considered in this situation as the nurse was complaining from insufficient knowledge about choosing the appropriate vein and the right skills to insert the cannula. So, I asked her to go for a rest and seek for a help from the other staffs to insert the cannula for several reasons. The nurse can be more relaxed without dealing with this patient in this situation. Moreover, in order to avoid the possibility of conflict. In addition, to maintain the safety for the patient by prevent the occurrence of the complications. So, the patient will be in the safe way, more comfortable and satisfied with the pro vided care and no more complain can be documented. However, I felt that the nurse was very confused and she had a low self esteem of what she did, but she did not recognized that this is the best action for both of them. Personal: As a human being I understand the level of the pain and anxiety that this patient was encountered. I felt and I knew that the patient needs a help from the other health care providers to be survived by avoiding the dealing with this irritated staff. Moreover, I recognised that he was aggressive with the nurse not because she is a nurse, but because of his feeling of pain and high level of anxiety. One of the main issues in this situation was the communication. There was no communication and no trust relationship. As the nurse patient relationship is very important to develop a support and trust between them which is considered as a crucial issue while providing the care. The communication process between the nurse and the patient was brooked down that cause a violent behaviour from the patient. Ethics: I think I have managed the situation probably in the right way. The workload and the in appropriate skills could lead to the nursing error which affects on the patients outcomes. As with this experience the patient has the possibility of cannula complication. Moreover, the inability to communicate, understands the patient culture, provide a support and the explaining the problem will increase the level of anxiety and reduce the quality of care. In addition, to understand the nursing profession and their roles is very important concern to enhance the communication and the nurse patient relationship. I think to avoid looking to the nursing job as a terrible job is very important to the nurse to practice and provide the care with high level of confident. Moreover, I am as a nurse needs more attention from the hospital organization and from my nurse manager to develop my career by increasing the level of knowledge. Furthermore, reduce the work overload by suitable staff allocation is an essential. As it is known that the emergency department has crowded patients with different symptoms. In this situation I feel that the nurse manager should allocate two qualified staff in each observational room to decrease the workload possibility. Empirics: Quality in the health care is defined as performing, practicing and providing the care directed to the patients in the appropriate time and way to achieve the excellence and have a best patients outcomes. It noticed that the hospitals with satisfied nurses and low rate of nurses turnover are providing a high quality of care and this could be result in patient satisfaction with the giving care. Nurse staffing has a major role on the patients safety and their outcomes. Evidence based practice reviewed 26 studies of nursing staffing and the patients outcomes. It has reported that the low nurse staff the more clients adverse affects such as pressure sore. Furthermore, it found that there are several factors contributing to the low staff nurses in the hospitals. Workload in the ward with few staff nurses can lead to many effects such as work stress which is identified as the main obstacle of providing a high quality of care. Stress among nursing staff could be result from many different reasons. According to Ditzel.E.M stress is duo to the workload, long hour shifts and the type of the task or procedure. Moreover, nursing participation in the patient care plan is a significant issue to provide a high quality of care. It has demonstrated that a good contribution will result a good outcomes. In addition, the high quality of care can be performed with a high level of knowledge. So , the staff development and continuing education is very crucial in any hospital to produce high qualified and satisfied nurses. At the end of the reflection, it acknowledged that job satisfaction is identified as concept that will be clearly defined and stated in the next section based on evidence. Concept In all hospitals throughout the world, it seems that the main concern of the patient is to receive a good quality of nursing care and to be treated properly. Moreover, nurses are demonstrating their knowledge and skills while giving the care, and make the patients to feel more comfortable through providing the appropriate support for them as a human being ( ). In addition, the quality of care is known as practicing accurately, at the correct time and way for the appropriate person to achieve an excellent result by providing safety, efficiently, timely and focused on patients (Wisconsin Hospital Association 2009). Therefore, to provide a high quality of nursing care through the hospital organizations, the nurses should be satisfied with their job which is considered as a significant issue for the patients, hospitals and for themselves (policy, 2008). Nursing care has been examined, explained, and defined through the literature during the past few decades by a number of researchers. Ho wever, numerous studies have demonstrated that there is a connection between the nursing satisfaction and the quality of provided care. To some extent, dissatisfied nurses with their job will lead to higher rate of patients harmful outcomes (Stanton, 2004). As it found that nursing satisfaction is creating a chain, high level of nursing satisfaction lead to high quality of care and this can result in patient satisfaction within the care (Weiss, 2002). Complementing these studies the other studies have evident that low job satisfaction will affect on the quality of care and raise the plan to leave the career among nurses. Moreover, this issue is considered as a challenge which facing the health care organizations (Buchan and Aiken, 2008). Therefore, define job satisfaction defined as: A pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job, an affective reaction to ones job, and an attitude towards ones job(Weiss, 2002). It revealed that nursing satisfaction is associated with many several factors that could affect on the quality of care. As a numerous studies have discovered that work related factors play an important role in nursing satisfaction. Al-ahmadi,H conducted a study to find out the reasons of job dissatisfaction among Saudi nurses, and she found that the job performance and the organizational commitment are strongly affect on the level of job satisfaction. In 2009, Ditzel.E demonstrated that the workload is identified as essential factor which reduce the level of job satisfaction among the nurses and lead to increase the job stress which result in harmful outcomes. Furthermore, based on the review of nine articles Comber and Barriball (2007) have reported that the contributing factors related to the work environment are important with nursing turnover more than the demographic factors. Nurses salary is identified as one of the essential factors of nursing satisfaction. However, some findi ng claimed that nurses salary do not affect on their work, While other studies have shown the connection between the salary and level of job satisfaction among the nurses. Trembly et al., have argued that the in adequate salary could be a main reason for some nurses and let them to quit. Staff development and continuing education has a significant impact on nursing ability to produce high quality of care. Educational programs which are offered by the health care organizations will increase the level of the knowledge to produce a high quality of care and eliminate the possibility of nursing errors. Although previous researchers have identified that nurses careers have various stages, a few papers have recognized that nursing job required different programs to respond to their need(Chang, Chou and Cheng, 2007). Considering the Patient safety it seems that it is the major source of dissatisfaction to most of the nurses. The nurses were unconfident and felt guilty as they were unable to provide the appropriate care (Stanton, 2004). Consequently, the concept of job satisfaction is very crucial as it will affect on their level of performance. Herzberg theory overview In this section Herzbergs theory of motivation is identified as the most appropriate theory that can increase the level of nursing satisfaction, and to provide the patient safety . To effectively apply Herzberg theory in to practice, one needs to fully establish an understanding of the concept and the theory. So, Herzbergs theory of job satisfaction and its feasibility will be clearly described. Frederick Herzbergs is a psychologist who creates the theory of motivation in the late of 1959s and it is known as two factor theory (Marquis and Huston, 2003). In this theory, Herzberg used Maslows general theory of motivation particularly in work motivation (Huber, 2006). The theory was developed after interviewing two groups of employees to identify the main reasons of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. From this interview Herzberg elucidates the contributing factors that motivate the staffs throughout categorizing their individual requirements. Herzberg wrote a phrase which is said  We can expand by stating that the job satisfiers deal with the factors involved in doing the job, whereas the job dissatisfies deal with the factors which define the job context. (Herzberg, 1959). Herzberg states that the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are two different phenomenons (Sullivan and Decker, 2005). Furthermore, the theory developed through two dimensions to job satisfaction. It is based on the  concept that motivation can be  divided into hygiene factors and motivation factors.   Moreover, the theory concludes that there are two type of motivation (Syptak, Marsland and Ulmer 1999). According to Herzberg (1959), Hygiene Factors are not motivates the employees, but these factors can affect on the level of dissatisfaction; in other word, this factors will decrease the dissatisfaction among the staffs. Hygiene factors incorporate supervision, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, and salary. Hence, these factors are related to the environment and lead to dissatisfaction. On the other hands, the motivator factors seems to be the factors that can motivate the employee by gratifying the individuals requirements and needs for personal development as they are associated to the job itself. Motivator factors include achievement, advancement, recognition and responsibility. It appears that with the adequate hygiene factors, the staffs would be not dissatisfied and enough motivators need to be existing to enhance the level of job satisfaction (Huber, 2006). It is important to notice that the opposite of dissatisfaction could not be satisfaction as well as the lack of motivators does not lead to dissatisfaction (Marquis and Huston, 2003). For example, if the hygiene factors are at low level, the staffs will be unsatisfied, and when the hygiene factors are at high level the staffs are not dissatisfies, but they are not motivated for higher performance. Conversely, when the motivators are at high level the staffs will be satisfied and provide a high level of quality (Manisera, Dusseldrop and Kooij, 2005). Critical analysis Herzbergs theory is adequate; he completely addressed his theory. This theory of motivation is clear and understandable as it makes the others to understand the nature of the job satisfaction by introducing these two factors of motivation. Herzberg developed his theory by using the study of Maslow, but he focused exclusively on the work structure. However, he did not define the concept of job satisfaction, but he identified and states the two factors that affect on the job satisfaction. Herzberg recognized the two main factors which are the main component of his theory. Motivator and hygiene factors are simply described and explained by Herzberg. This theory is widely applicable and being used in restructuring and designing the work in many organizations, as Herzberg identified the significant needs for the staff to be motivated and to increase the level of productivity. Based on the two factors of Herzbergs theory, Bare (2004) demonstrates that the nurse managers are deliberating th e motivation factors when they prepare and apply the policies to recruit and retain the nurses for a long period of time. In addition, the managers may also take into consideration the hygiene factors such as salary, as the very well paid is normally the answer for long term problems. There are nemoures studies have supported herzbergs theory. Lundberg ,Gudmundson and andersson (2009) have tested Herzbergs theory in hospitality and tourism management. They found that this theory has been used widely in several contexts. For instance, a study of Parsons and Broadbrides (2006) cited by Lundberg, Gudmundson and andersson (2009), they applied herzbergs classification of intrinsic factors sauch as responsibility, work itself and recognition, and extrinsic factors as working conditions and salary. The significant results reported that there is a high level of satisfaction with intrinsic factors, and low level of satisfaction with extrinsic factors which indicates the agreement with herzbergs theor. Furthermore, a conducted study of Furnham, Forde and Ferraris (1999) gave an example of herzbergs theory application in a study of personality and work motivation, they concluded that motivation factors are significant in the workplace, while heygiene factors are more critica l in selecting a job. Beside these studies, herzbergs two factor theory was applied in a study of nurses satisfaction within nursing crare and work in psychatric units (swedish study), it revealed that this theory support the purpose of clinical supervision which had a convinced effect on nursing satisfaction (Rask and Levander, 2002). Friedlanders (1963) carried out a study that show the agreement with herzbergs theory. In 1963 Friedlanders examined a 17 item questionnaire which evaluate the value of each item as a cause of employee satisfaction. In his result he found that there are three factors, two of these factors were matched with herzbergs two factors hyiegene and motivation, on the other hand the third factor derived from both hyegiene and motivation factors. Moreover, a further study reveald that the results were supported to herzbergs theory was conducted by Halpern (1966). Halpern had 93 subject and they were asked regarding the aspect of liked job on a 7 item scale. In the results he discovered that there are two points, which are satisfaction with the work itself and achievments opportunities, are reported as the best concerns in a liked job. In addition, he added that all of his subjects were satisfied with herzbergs two factors hyiegene and motivation similarly. However, this theory resulted in much controversy in the work place. Part of the argument was due to present the salary as a factor that does not play a role in job satisfaction (Manisera et al., 2005), while Trembly et al., argued that the in adequate salary could be a main reason for some staff for let them to quit. Moreover, some critics do not recognize the clarity between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Huber, 2006; Marquis and Huston, 2003; Manisera et al., 2005). Nevertheless, it appeared that part of the doubt around Herzberg theory was in Herzberg methodology and the lack of identifying the relationship between the two variables. Basically, Herzberg was collected his data by interviewing and questioning the employee with two situations related to their job experience. Firstly, they asked to think of time that they feel satisfied and dissatisfied with the job. Secondly, they asked to discuss their situations and identify the factors associated to their satisfaction an d dissatisfaction with the job. Lindsay, Marks and Gorlow (1967) have examined the Herzberg methodology. They reported that Herzberg did not control the number of situations form a given employee, or either the number of the associated factors of their job. They argued that this theory did not state the relation and the effects between these two variables which are hygiene and motivator factors to the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Furthermore, it found that according to Herzberg distinction in his methodology, he will gain different results (Furnham et al., 1999). it is important to notice that the literature have demonestrated other studies that showed the disagreement with herzberg theory. Lindsay et al., (1967) revealed that the results of their study have shown that the staff will be satisfied with their success on a job even if there is a lack in the organization policies, or if there are inadequate environments around the job. However, workers who do not experience as if they have a great achievement on their job will be dissatisfied even if the environments around the job are helpful. Therefore, these results are obviously inconsistent with Herzbergs argument that there is no relation between the two factors. In addition, several studies evident that motivator factors are very significant more than hygiene factors in relation to satisfaction, while Herzberg did not refer to this point in his theory. Furnham et al., (1999) indicate that how can this theory used within the organisations without state the difference of persons gender, culture and age group. However, three main studies demonstrated that their results were supportive with Herzbergs result that hyiegne factors lead to dissatisfaction, and motivator factors lead to satisfaction (Mayers 1964; Saleh 1964; Schewartz, Jenusaitis and Stark, 1963). Moreover, the theory is still valid, applicable, and useful to applied in any management organisation (Furnham, et al., 1999; Lundberg et al., 20 09). To sum up, it believed that Herzbergs theory is being used in various management contexts such as nursing satisfaction, hospitality and tourism management, and in a personality and motivation study. Despite of that fact that this theory is useful, it found that there are a limitation within this theory within the methodology and the relation between these two factors where few studies state that there is a relation. Theory into practice: Basically, using Herzberg theory in any health care organization will motivate the staff and increase their level of satisfaction. Considering the two factors theory, the organizations will be noticed a plenty of changes among their staff on various levels (Byrne, 2006). Herzbergs theory is widely used in the management and nursing organizations. For instance, this theory is used to increase nursing satisfaction in psychiatric unit. Applying Herzberg theory in King Abdul Aziz University Hospital (KAAUH) to increase the level of satisfaction will be as following: Hygiene factors: Despite the fact that hygiene factors (policy, supervision, interpersonal relation, work environment, and salary) are not considering as the source of the job satisfaction, it is important to treat these factors effectively in KAAUH to generate a good environment with satisfied staff and high quality of care. The health care policy is essential in any health care organization. Moreover, the purpose of the policy is to provide a plan of action or instructions to guide decisions and achieve the organization outcomes, increase the quality of care, and staff satisfaction (Huber 2006). However, the nurses involvement in the health policy at KAAUH is very important as it affects on the nurses care and the profession itself. Nurses participation in the health policy as policy makers will make significant changes in the nursing practice, education, responsibilities and roles. It found that the nursing practice has an impact on health care policy (Finkelman 2006; McCloskey, 2004). As a result, the contribution of nurses in health policy is significant in order to raise the level of job satisfaction. Although nursing involvement in the health policy is crucial, the health care policies can be a source of dissatisfaction among the staff nurses (Syptak et al., 1999). However, the policy at KAUH should be clear, easy and should be followed. Moreover, it is important that the policy should be applicable, and easy to access for all the staff by having manual copies in each word. Furthermore, the policies must be updated and depend on the evidence based researchers to enhance the quality of care and patients safety. With regard to clinical supervision, it seems that it strongly affect on job satisfaction, turnover, and the quality of care (  Kristiina, Kaija and  Riina, 2006). In the terms of increase the job satisfaction among new qualified nurses at KAUH, a mentorship program can be applied effectively to reduce the turnover rate and increase the level of performance. Mentorship is known as supportive relationship recognized between the mentor and the mentee, where the knowledge, skills, and experiences are shared through the supervision role (Curtis, 2003). Consequently, Mentors play a critical role in supporting, teaching and assessing the practice which lead to increase nursing satisfaction and improve the quality of care and patients safety (ButtelWorth, 1995). In order to provide an adequate supervision in the clinical area, there are some responsibilities for the supervision. The supervisor at KAAUH should give a clear and positive feedback to make the staffs feel that they can trust their supervisor. Furthermore, the reliable and fairly approach to evaluate the staff performance is very significant issue to consider in this hospital. In addition, this role required leadership skills to treat with all staff equally (ButtelWorth, 1995; Syptak et al., 1999). Considering the interpersonal relation at KAAUH, it can be observed through the process of socializing. With the important role of the nurse manager, there will be an interpersonal interaction between the staff to convey knowledge, value, and supporting each other to achieve their goals (Huber2006). Furthermore, it is important to notice that socializing is very essential process in particular with the new qualified nurses, to have a successful work transition, and reduce the risk of getting shock at KAAUH (Huber 2006). Therefore, the staffs can cultivate their teamwork by their socializing (Syptak et al., 1999). It is important to notice that the working environment has an impact on the level of quality care and patient safety (Rashotte, 2008). Therefore, the health care organization at KAAUH should provide a healthy work environment for the nurses to be satisfied with the level of giving care and enhance the quality. Moreover, all the facilities, and required equipments are important to be available with an appropriate allocation of the personnel and adequate nurse patient ratio to avoid the possibility of overload. In addition, beside the physical environment, it is important that the organization at KAUH should motivate the staff to believe that their role is very critical in providing the care to increase their confidence and self esteem. It can be seen that through the staffs contribution in to practice, and good relationship with the other health care professions to work as teamwork, will resulted in a positive outcomes and high quality of care for the patients (Boughton, 2009; Rashott e, 2008; Syptak et al., 1999). Salary is considered as a controversial topic among the nurses and the health care organizations. The staff at KAAUH wants to be paid equally and fairly and not depend on the nationalities as the Indian and Filipinos salary are less that Saudis salary. In addition, if the staffs are not well paid they will not be satisfied with their work (swansburg. J and swansburg. C, 1999). 2. Motivator factors: Motivation factors ( responsibility, achievement, rewarding) are significant factors to be satisfied with the staff performance. However, the staff can be pleased with these factors only when the staff starts to the work, in contrast to hygiene factors which do not recognized how much the hard work is. One way of increasing the level of job satisfaction and motivate staff nurses in KAAUH is by giving them the freedom and the power to perform their tasks. Therefore, they will feel that they are capable and responsible within the quality of the care. Generally, as they become advance in their work they will add more responsibility. However, the added responsibility should be meaningful and exciting and not in sequence of overload. For example, the nurse manger can motivate their staff in the terms of increasing the accountability through the delegation process to develop new skills (Syptak et al., 1999). Achievement is the staffs aspect within the work and in the beginning of their career to be succeeded. To assist them in KAAUH, it is very important that the employees are allocated in the right position, so they can practice their skills, knowledge, and avoid the risk of work overload. Moreover, goals, policies, and standards at KAAUH should be clear for the staff nurses to follow. Furthermore, the staffs must be given a frequent, timely feedback on how they are doing within the work. Therefore, when the individuals have a success and achievement with the work at KAAUH, they need to be recognized for their achievement. Recognition of job performance is essential to staff nurse confidence and self esteem. It seems that acknowledgement and praise nurses achievement for a good handling of the situations are very significant issue to be considered by the nurse manager at KAAUH (Syptak et al., 1999; Coughlin, 2000). In terms of rewarding the staff for their achievement, it appeared as a good motivator to raise the level of their satisfaction at KAUH. However, there are different types of rewarding the staff nurses. The rewards can be financial and non-financial. Financial is monetary while the non-financial is a psychological rewards. Rewarding staff in KAAUH by giving the opportunity of continuing education is one type in relation to the advancement. According to Gieter et al., (2006) they demonstrated that the non-financial and psychological rewards are more important than the financial rewards. It can be evident that with the development of clinical advancement department in KAAUH, participating of education department and the role of the nurse managers to reward their staff in the hospital, the nurses will have the opportunity to advance their level of practice through several courses or conferences, knowledge, and the chance to conduct nursing research by supporting them as a reward for the ir achievement. To conclude, applying Herzbergs theory into KAAUH seems to experience some difficulties. Through this organization it is difficult to maintain a socializing between the staff. As a result of nursing shortage, there is no time for the staff to be socialized even though it is hard for the nurse manager to make an arrangement for it. Moreover, it appeared that rewarding system or department is not existed in this hospital, which requires an administrative support to develop it. However, while applying this theory, it seems that there is a considerable relation between hygiene and motivator factors which is not mentioned by Herzberg. Nevertheless, it is useful and applicable with salary, supervision, working environment, policy, and resposibility to provide a high productivity level. Conclusion: Nursing satisfaction is considered as the main concern for the all health care organizations in order to reduce the turnover rate. This paper suggests that through the concept definition of job satisfaction, high level of job satisfaction will improve the quality of nursing care, and lead to patient satisfaction. Moreover, Herzberg has identified two main factors that can be applied by many organizations to increase the level of staff satisfaction. Hygiene factors is related to job dissatisfaction, while motivation factors leading to job satisfaction. This theory has been used in several studies, nursing studies as well as management studies. Nursing studies applied Herzberg theory to increase their satisfaction in several aspects such as clinical supervision, rewarding and achievements, where as this paper attempted to apply the two factors theory (motivation and hygiene) in KAAUH to increase the satisfaction and enhance nursing care. It evident that Herzbergs theory is clear, adequ ate, consistent, and it has been widely used effectively. However, the debate of this theory was in the methodology, and the inability to recognize the relationship between these two variables (Lindsay, Marks and Gorlow 1967). Furthermore, the inability to differentiate between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is reported as a critique of this theory (Huber. D 2006, Marquis. B, Huston. C 2003, Manisera. M et al., 2005). It should be noted that applying thi