William Golding s Lord Of The Flies Essay - 1911 Words

In the past one hundred years, multiple events have led to people questioning the basis of human nature. The World Wars, 9/11, the Atomic bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, and the Vietnam War are all just a few instances that challenged the perception of the extent to which humans have the capacity to maliciously and savagely harm one another. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies serves as a perfect fictional example of such questioning. Set on an island during World War II, a group of British schoolchildren become stranded on an island and therefore manage to â€Å"escape† the savage war-time conditions at home. However, it quickly becomes evident that savagery abounds on the island as well. Famous and somewhat nihilistic thinker Friedrich Nietzsche would have had insightful analysis regarding the interactions in Golding’s Lord of the Flies, in particular with regard to some of the boys’ desire to obtain power, the assertion of different moralities onto t he boys’ lives, and the power struggles that highlight the tale. One aspect of the Lord of the Flies which Nietzsche would have valuable insight into would be the boys desire to obtain power once they are stranded on the island. After being stranded, there is a power vacuum such that is rarely present in the real world. In this power vacuum, a few of the boys show immediate desire for power. The boys that wish to be the chief of the group are Jack, Ralph, and Piggy. Jack is described as â€Å"the most obvious leader,† in Piggy’sShow MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1263 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Lord of the Flies William Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, symbolically, how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies752 Words   |  4 Pagespossible, so a five year old who teases others to Adolf Hitler would be classified as perpetrators of evil. Lord of the Flies is a fictional story about a group of British boys who get stranded on island. The author of the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding, showcases Zimbardo’s ideas in his story. Zimbardo did not form his theory Through the character development of Jack and Roger, Golding illustrates the intensity of evil when one is impacted by situational forces. Before Ralph and Piggy unifiesRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1869 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Outline – Unit 11 Introductory paragraph: Topic Sentence (includes the book title and author) The novel Lord of the flies by William Golding is a type of literature that revolves around an anti-war theme. Main Points that will be discussed in the essay presented in order of weakest to strongest: 1. Lord of the flies was written during WWII and one of the manifestations is the dead man in the parachute presumably a victim of a bombed plane. 2. Faction among the group which is similar toRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1282 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, this can be seen how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of the novel can be seen as the motherRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1315 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies was set somewhere on the timeline of World War Two, a war between the Axis and the Allies lasting from 1939 until 1945. Although WWII was fought between many countries in the Pacific and Europe, the main contender was Germany, led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler and his followers, the Nazis, changed the lives of everyone when they attempted to strengthen Germany and brought out all the evil and ugli ness in the world. After WWII, nothing would be able to change theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies886 Words   |  4 Pageshow to live their lives not knowing what s right or wrong. Everyone has a different opinion towards different things. Some say gun laws should be banned while some say they want a gun in their house. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding there are clear aspects of leadership shown within the characterization between Jack and Ralph. I m chief, said Ralph, because you chose me. And we were going to keep the fire going. Now you run after food- (Golding 150). There is evident conflict between theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1672 Words   |  7 Pages The Different Social Cognition of the Similar Stories — Synthesis essay of Lord of the Flies Final Project With the development of British culture, the format of Desert Island Literature has an inevitable connection with the geographical and culture heritage of the development of British history. Generally speaking, the setting of such literature is basically around an isolated island which is far from human society. The characters usually follow a primary lifestyle so that illustrate the courageRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1745 Words   |  7 Pages1954 novel, Lord of the Flies by Nobel Prize-winner William Golding is a dystopian allegory indicative of vast aspects of the human condition. Set in the midst of a nuclear war, the text details a group of marooned British school boys as they regress to a primitive state. Free from the rules and structures of civilisation and society, the boys split into factions - some attempting to maintain order and achieve common goals; others seeking anarchy and violence. The novel is based on Golding’s experienceRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1776 Words   |  8 PagesMaybe the beast is us (Golding 85), in the novel, Lord of the Flies, by author William Golding, Golding uses the entire book as social commentary. The social aspect he focuses on is man’s ability to be evil and destructive. William Golding uses three specific literary devices to convey this idea; characterization, diction and symbolism. Lord of the Flies explains man s capacity for evil which is revealed in his inherent human nature, which he cannot control or ignore. The hidden evil within

Iran Case Study - 805 Words

According to the President of Iran, Hassan Rouhani, if there is to be further imposition of sanctions by the U.S. government, he warns that their nuclear problem could be restarted at any time. This threat comes with the U.S. President Donald Trump’s stance on the ‘disastrous Iran nuclear deal’ and his belief that it is being violated. However other parties that are involved, like Germany and Britain, have disagreed, noting that Iran is not in violation. Just over a week later, Qatar had decided to restore full diplomatic relations with Iran on August 24th and send its ambassador to Tehran. It is a problematic move, as it is increasing the tensions in the regional dispute to isolate Doha by Arab Nations. This decision is only adding†¦show more content†¦With the Islamic Sunnis-Shiite divide and attempts by democratic advocates who actively try to challenge dictators, the region has fallen into a state of conflict. While, the United States might want to focus on Asia, it will most always have its concerns about Iran, where oil, its nuclear program, and most likely outcome to draw a nuclear arms race is one that the world is keeping an eye on. The Iran Deal signed by the former President Obama, has the intention of lifting sanctions with the goal to keep Iran from producing nuclear weapons. With regards to the nuclear issue, the Qatari’s close relationship with the Iranians is beginning to add fuel to the gulf issue as a resolution is not that easy to broker. With the focus being on nuclear weapons, one of the major problems that the world faces is the North Korean nuclear threat, where the Iran Deal has prevented the rise of another country in the nuclear race. With China opposing the nuclear program that the North is pursuing, it also wants to keep its proxy buffer between the itself and the U.S. (where South Korea is concerned). With such a situation, the deal that was made with Iran has proven to hold to its dev elopment and reasons for existence – it has kept the creation of nuclear weapons from Iran, and escalating the world into another field of the nuclear arena. With Iran making about $43.9 billion and $31.8 billion in bothShow MoreRelatedIran Case Study729 Words   |  3 PagesMoving on to my second point, I would like to discuss the nature of the sanctions implemented on Iran due to the nuclear issue more in detail so we can get a better realization of what the public civilians in Iran have gone through. It is worth mentioning that Iran has been facing sanctions with respect to the selling of any aircraft and any parts related to them and even the maintenance and inspection of airplanes since 1979. Regardless of the reasons behind it, for a moment let’s imagine how wouldRead MoreIran Case Study1133 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2015, Iran physically dismantled a good deal of its nuclear infrastructure , shipped out 98 percent of its enriched uranium , poured concrete in to the core of its only heavy reactor capacity to render it permanently inoperable and implemented rigorous transparency measures across its nuclear program. In Return, United states not only failed to implement fully its commitment through facilitating the Iran’s trade with the world but also it chose to get back the pre JCPOA atmosphere and preventRead MoreIran Case Study1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn July 2015, negotiations aimed at preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons and heading off a regional nuclear arms competition resulted in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between Iran and the P5+1 countries. The P5+1 countries include China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The JCPOA requires deep reductions in Iran’s existing uranium enrichment capacity and the redesign of its planned plutonium-production reactor, which together effectivelyRead MoreIran Case Study1101 Words   |  5 PagesIranian situation provides an answer. Much like North Korea, Iran had developed its nuclear technology for the purpose of security, however, â€Å"when it became clear that the nuclear program was making Iran less rather than more secure, [†¦] Tehran came to the negotiating table prepared to discuss halting some of its nuclear activities.† Therefore, the only real choice for a peaceful solution is to work towards finding a deal, much like the Iran deal. The idea of making such a deal with the North KoreansRead MoreIran Nuclear Deal Case Study746 Words   |  3 PagesThe Iran Nuclear Deal, also known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), was formally adopted on October 18th, 2015 by Iran, Germany, and the UN Security Council-consisting of Britain, China, France, Russia, and the United States. It enabled Iran to peacefully pursue nuclear program so long as it did not weaponize the program and it removed American sanctions and European embargos. In recent weeks, President Donald Trump has made efforts to eliminate the agreement or at least severelyRead MoreCase Study Of The Iran Nuclear Program1603 Words   |  7 Pagesnuclear activities under the NPT do not provide timely enough detection to safeguard against military conversion by countries such as Iran. SOLUTION: The United States uses the Iran Deal and its attempted strengthening as the mechanism to modernize IAEA safeguards for all countries in order to save the NPT. BACKGROUND: The issues that have been encountered with the Iran nuclear program are symptoms of a larger problem when it comes to enrichment, reprocessing, bulk holding of nuclear fuel, and otherRead MoreOur Choice of Clothes Reflect Our Personality662 Words   |  3 Pagessupport your answer. ‘O Daughter of mine, beware of the revealing hijab that is spreading amongst the women these days and that characterized by †¦ wearing a niqab that covers what is ugly and shows what is beautiful (Al- ‘Umran 2001: 10-111). ‘In the case of sociological interest in clothing and fashion, we know that through clothing people communicate some things about their persons, and at the collective level this is results typically in locating them symbolically in some structured universe of statusRead MoreAnalysis Of Quran And Its Impact On The Treatment Of Women1563 Words   |  7 Pageson defining beliefs at all, but relatively, concentrate on implementation rituals correctly, with a general understanding that rituals are important. Practices, Contexts, Diversity: The particular contribution of ethnographic and social historical studies to knowledge of religion lies in the attention to interconnection among realms of social life which is surrounded by religion, economy, marriage, politics and so forward, thus to the ways that cultural ideas and social associations from activitiesRead MoreInfluence Of Risk Factors1538 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalence of diabetes in this study are similar to other studies (9, 10). With increasing age, after 45 years, prevalence of diabetes doubles, every 10 years (11). Our data indicate that more than 65% of cases of type 2 diabetes appear before the age of 50 years. Studies conducted in different countries show that the highest rate of diabetes, appear between 55 and 65 ,or after 60 years of age (12, 13). Therefore, with regard to results of current and similar studies, it can be inferred that age-of-onsetRead MoreStrange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century is a monograph written by Christian Caryl, a1200 Words   |  5 Pagesmonograph written by Christian Caryl, a contributing editor at Foreign Policy magazine and a senior fellow of the Center for International Studies at MIT, which attempts to theorize the emergence of using revolutionary twin forces-religion and markets in 1979 and their radical alteration of the international economy in the 21st century. Caryl’s study covers five case studies from the root of 1979 and how strange rebels served as counterrevolutionary protagonist leaders by using old ideas and making them

Lab Report free essay sample

Heat it to 90 C and hold this temperature for 10 minutes. 2. Cool it to 50 C in a bath of ice water. 3. Shake the culture bacteria to free it from lumps and add to the milk. 4. Transfer the inoculated milk into the beaker or jar. Cover. 5. Incubate the milk for 4 hours at 43 to 46 degrees until clotted. Clotting of milk indicates the bacteria utilized the sugars and underwent fermentation. 6. Chill for 1 – 2 hours 7. Stir the yogurt to make the texture smooth. 8. Package and consume III. Results and Discussion Kind of Milk| Taste| Color| Texture| Smell| Low- fat milk| Yogurt-like| Beige| Smooth| Sour| Full-cream milk| Very Sour| Beige| Thick| Very sour| In the table above, the reason why there were only 2 kinds of milk is because 2 groups used low fat milk and the other 2 used full-cream milk. As being compared from the table above, using full-cream milk caused the taste and the smell of the product (yogurt) to be extra sour. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yogurt is naturally sour because of the acid present in it. Also, the full-cream milk caused the texture to be thicker compared to the yogurt used with low-fat milk. Even though different kinds of milk were used, the color of the yogurt was the same, which was Beige. IV. Conclusion Based on the given results and discussion of the data, the characteristics (taste, color, texture, and smell) of the yogurt will depend on what kind of milk will be used for the yogurt making process. V. Recommended If one were to do the same experiment above, the group would recommend that they use low-fat milk to make their own yoghurt. Lab Report free essay sample While observing the information in table 4, it appears that the number of fish changes from time to time and the oxygen increases and / or decreases when this occurs. 2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water? According to my hypothesis, once there is more dissolved oxygen in the water, there is an increase to the amount of fish present in the area where the water sample is obtained. 3. What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis? First, I would take a sample from different areas of the water to test the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Then after completing this test, I would check to see if there is† of course â€Å"an increase in the fish present in the water. This observation would help keep track of the fish present in different areas of the water and furthermore, I would be able to compare results. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. What would be the independent and dependent variables? Independent= Dissolved Oxygen Dependent= fish 5. What would be your control? I would have control in conducting a hypothesis during my testing. Otherwise, I have no control. 6. What type of graph would you appropriate for this data set? Why? A line graph would be appropriate for this data set. The line graph would not only support the hypothesis but will also present clear results. . Graph the data table from table 4: Water Quality vs. Fish Population. Describe what your graph looks like. (X-axis)= fish and the (y-axis)= dissolved oxygen. 8. This graph would show the fish population increase positioned at the y-axis and the dissolved oxygen increase would be positioned at the x- axis. In the line graph, for example, if there is an oxygen level of 2(ppm) there would be 1 fish present in the water Lab Report free essay sample Joe Schmoe Period 3 March 8, 2013 Lab Report: Empirical Formula of Zinc Chloride (ZnCl) * Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to determine the empirical formula. Empirical means â€Å"based on experimental evidence. † * Experimental Design The reaction that occurred was the reaction of the elements Zinc (Zn) and Chloride (Cl) by mixing a piece(s) of Zinc and 50mL of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). The amount of Zinc was determined to be between 1. 00g and 1. 25g. As the reaction occurred there was still water left in the beaker. In order to remove the water we heated the beaker to evaporate it. The Zinc Chloride then formed as a solid white substance. * Observations As the Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid reacted, bubbling and fizzing occurred. The water became cloudy as the Zinc began to decompose and break apart. The Hydrogen in the Hydrochloric Acid was being released as vapors. * Data amp; Evaluation The mass of our beaker was 58. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 78g. Our piece of Zinc was massed at 1. 24g. Therefore, the combined mass of the beaker and Zinc was 60. 02g. After the reaction and heating, the combined mass of the Zinc Chloride and the beaker was 61. 39g. We heated the substance again to remove any excess water. The combined mass of the beaker and Zinc Chloride was then 61. 36g. To find the mass of the reacted Zinc Chloride we subtracted the mass of the beaker (58. 78g) from the total and the mass of the Zinc Chloride came out to be 2. 58g. Subtracting the mass of the Zinc (1. 24g) from the Zinc Chloride mass, we found the mass of just the Chloride was 1. 34g. * Conclusion To find the Empirical formula we first needed to find the number of moles of each element per the mass of each element. You must divide the obtained mass of an element by the atomic weight of that element. 1. 24g Zn ? 1 mol Zn65. 4g Zn= . 018 mol Zn 65. 4g represents the atomic weight of the Zinc on the periodic table 1. 34g Cl ? 1 mol Cl35. 5g Cl= . 037 mol Cl .018 mol Zn. 018 mol Zn=1 . 037molCl. 018molZn=2. 05 The empirical formula of Zinc Chloride is ZnCl2. 05. The accepted formula for Zinc Chloride is ZnCl2. Our answer may be slightly off because of there may be leftover water that was not evaporated. As a result, the mass of the Chlorine would be higher and that would make the moles of Chlorine higher, causing the ratio of Chlorine to Zinc to be slightly higher than 2. Another error that could have been made is if the Zinc Chloride was heated too much and it began to release chlorine. Do so would make the mass of chlorine decrease, which would make the moles of Chlorine decrease and the ration of Chlorine to Zinc be slightly lower than 2. Lab Report free essay sample ABSTRACT This test (ASTM C136-06) determines the grading of materials being used as aggregates using two parameters (coefficient of uniformity and gradation) from particle-size distribution curve. Sieve analysis consists of shaking the sample through a set of sieves that have progressively smaller openings. To conduct a sieve analysis, samples are oven dried for at least 24 hours. The soil is placed and shaken through a stack of sieves with openings of decreasing size from top to bottom. The mass of particles retained in each sieve is determined. Results showed that the particle–size distribution curve of coarse aggregate is characterized by a steep curve. This means the coarse aggregate is poorly or uniformly graded with small variation in size. Particle-size distribution curve of fine aggregate is characterized by an S-curve. It is well graded and has a gradation of particle size that spans evenly the size from coarsest to finest. Conclusions drawn from the interpretation of the particle-size distribution curve is supported by computed coefficients of uniformity and gradation which is 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 79 and 1. 03 for (well graded) fine aggregates, and 1. 57 and 1. 05 for (poorly graded) coarse aggregate. Significance of the Experiment Particle size analysis is important because it determines the soil gradation, which is an indicator of other soil properties such as compressibility, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity. A poorly graded soil will have better drainage because of more void spaces. A well graded soil is able to be compacted more than a poorly graded soil. Standard Reference ASTM C136-06 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates1. Pennsylvania, US: ASTM International, 2006. I. OBJECTIVES After performing this test, the students are expected to: 1. Determine the percentages of various size fraction on the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. 2. Determine effective grain size after plotting particle size distribution curve (percent finer versus particle diameter in millimeter). 3. Calculate coefficient of uniformity and curvature and classify aggregates into well graded or poorly graded aggregates based on given criteria for these two parameters. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A. Materials and Equipment Sieves No. 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100, and 200 for fine aggregates Sieves No. 1-in. , 3/4-in. , 1/2-in. , and 3/8-in. for coarse aggregates Balance accurate to 0. 1-g for fine and 0. 5 for coarse aggregates Oven Brush B. Methodology 1. Preparation of the Soil Sample. Minimum of 300-g fine and 5-kg coarse aggregates are obtained. These samples are both oven dried for at least 24 hours. 2. Preparation of Equipment. All mass of sieves including the pan are determined. Then, sieves are nested in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom. 3. Sieving. The sample is placed in top sieve. The sieves are agitated by hand in a vertical and lateral motion. 4. For course aggregates, the sample is split into two or more batches, sieving each batch individually. The mass of the several batches retained on a specific sieve are combined before calculating the percentage of the sample on the sieve. 5. Sieving is continued for a sufficient period and in such manner that not more than 1 % by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve will pass that sieve during 1 minute of continuous hand sieving. 6. The mass of each size increment is determined on a balance. The total mass of the material after sieving should check closely with original mass of sample placed on the sieves. NOTE: If the amounts differ by more than 0. 3 %, based on the original dry sample mass, the results should not be used for acceptance purposes. C. Data Analysis 1. The mass of soil retained in each sieve is computed by getting the difference of mass of sieve with the retained soil, and the product of no of batches made and the mass of sieves. 2. The percent retained is computed by getting the ratio of mass of retained soil on each sieve, and the initial mass of the sample. 3. The percent finer is computed by getting the sum of mass of soil retained on smaller sieves, subtracting it from the total mass of sample, and dividing the sum by the total mass times 100. 4. Percent finer is plotted on y-axis while the particle size diameter in logarithmic scale is plotted on x-axis. A curve connecting the points is drawn. Logarithmic scale is used to represent grain size information that typically spans many orders of magnitude. 5. Important parameters in computing coefficient of curvature and uniformity such as effective grain size (D10), D30, and D60 are determined from the particle size distribution curve for fine and coarse aggregates. III. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT Particle-Size Distribution Curve and Determination of D60, D30, and D10 Figure 1. Particle-Size Distribution Curve (Fine Aggregates) Figure 2. Particle-Size Distribution Curve (Coarse Aggregates) IV. DISCUSSION Effective Grain Size (D10). It represents a grain diameter for which 10% of the sample will be finer than it. It can be used to estimate the permeability. The effective grain sizes in fine and coarse aggregate in this test are 0. 14 mm and 10. 4 mm respectively. These values are obtained from the particle size distribution curve shown in Figures 1 and 2. Coefficient of Gradation (Cc). This parameter (also called as coefficient of curvature) can be expressed as: where; D10, D30, and D60 = the particle-size diameters corresponding to 10, 30, and 60 %, respectively, passing on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve. Fine and coarse aggregates are thought to be well graded if their coefficient of curvature (Cc) is between 1 and 3. The calculated coefficient of gradation is 1. 03 for fine and 1. 05 for coarse aggregates. Coefficient of gradation is only one criterion in grading aggregates. Gradation also considers uniformity coefficient which will be discussed in next section. Uniformity Coefficient (Cu). This is defined as ratio of the diameter of a particle of a size that is retained in sieve that allows 60% of the material to pass through, to the diameter of a particle of a size that is retained in a sieve that allows 10% of the material to pass through. This can be simply expressed as: An aggregate is thought to be well graded if the coefficient of uniformity (Cu) is greater than 4 for coarse (gravel) and 6 for fine aggregate (sand). Calculated values for this parameter are 6. 59 and 1. 57 for fine and coarse aggregate. Classification. Coarse aggregate is composed mainly of gravel and crushed stones which pass 3-inches sieve but are retained on No. 4 sieve. Fine aggregates is mostly sand which passes No. 4 sieve but are retained on No. 200 sieve. The experiment showed that the samples used are poorly graded gravel and well-graded sand. Both of the aggregate pass the criteria for coefficient of gradation which value should lie between 1 and 3. Fine aggregate is well graded sand with uniformity coefficient greater than 6. Coarse aggregate coefficient of uniformity is very small and did not exceed 4. Coarse aggregate sample is poorly graded gravel. V. LABORATORY SUGGESTIONS Suggestions for Laboratory Improvement Here are some of my personal suggestions that I believe will help in improving the laboratory: Acquire New Lab Materials/Repair Old Materials. Some of the materials in the laboratory really need repair or replacement. Use and borrowing of some materials and equipment are sometimes on a first-come, first served basis because of limited availability. VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Coarse aggregate is composed mainly of gravel and crushed stones while fine aggregate is composed of sand. Particle–size distribution curve of coarse aggregate is characterized by a steep curve. This means the coarse aggregate is poorly graded (uniformly graded) and has small variation in size. Particle-size distribution curve of fine aggregate is characterized by an S-curve. Fine aggregate is well graded and has a gradation of particle size that spans evenly the size from coarsest to finest. This conclusion is supported by computed coefficients of uniformity and gradation which is 6. 79 and 1. 03 for (well graded) fine aggregates, and 1. 57 and 1. 05 for (poorly graded) coarse aggregate. Manual sieving procedures can be ineffective because the amount of energy used to sieve the sample is varying. Over-energetic sieving causes erosion of the particles and thus changes the particle size distribution, while insufficient energy fails to break down loose agglomerates. Other References1: Building Research Institute. Concrete Technology. n. d. Breins Engineering. July 4 2013 . Das, Braja. Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering. California, USA: Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning, 2000. Grading of Aggregates. n. d. . Office of Water Programs. Uniformity Coefficient. 2012. Sacramento State Office of Water Programs. 3 July 2013 . Lab report free essay sample Osmosis is a process that occurs at a cellular level that entails the spontaneous net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration in order to equalize the level of water in each region. Involved in this process are hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions. A hypotonic solution is one with a lower osmotic pressure, indicating that the net movement of water moves into the said solution whereas a hypertonic solution is one with a higher osmotic pressure, thus the net movement of water will be leaving the hypertonic solution. Lastly, an isotonic solution entails no net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane as the two substances involved display osmotic equilibrium. AIM To observe the effect of solutions different levels of NaCl concentration on potatoes, considering the process of osmosis METHOD (see ‘Potato Osmosis’ – exercise document) Generally rigid in structure although slightly bendy Pale yellow in colour Moist All strips appear the same/similar in structure and size at this point Observations – Post-Extraction Strips immersed in 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 0M NaCl Solution are very soggy, soft and appear shrunken Strips immersed in 100% H2O are very rigid, swollen, turgid and appear larger/longer they are slightly bent and cannot be straightened due to their rigidity Strips become progressively soggier as the solutions they are immersed in are higher in concentration of NaCl (Fig. 2) Potato strips from the same potato arranged in  descending order of concentration to demonstrate the differences in structure post-extraction. Thus, we can state that there appears to be a negative correlation between NaCl concentration and the mass and length of the potato strips, clearly evident in the above graph which shows an exponential decrease in both mass and length. This can also be initially seen in the post-extraction observations  where it is evident that the potato strips immersed in lower NaCl concentration were far more turgid than those immersed in 100% NaCl solution which were flacid and fragile (see strip-comparison in Fig. 2). This occurrence can be explained through the process of osmosis. As mentioned in the introduction, a hypertonic solution is one with higher osmotic pressure meaning that the net movement of water leaves the solution. This would explain the physical changes – the increase in mass and length as well as the increase in turgidity in the potato strips immersed in 100% H2O solutions or low NaCl-concentration solutions. Since the solution it is submerged in is higher in concentration in water molecules, or hypertonic, the water molecules will diffuse into the area of lower H2O-concentration (the potato strip) in order to achieve equilibrium. Alternatively, the decrease in mass and length in the potato strips submerged in highly concentrated NaCl solutions can be explained by its immersion in a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic solutions, as mentioned Potato Osmosis Biology SL ATh before, are described as those with lower osmotic pressure, indicating that the net movement of water moves into the solution. Therefore, as NaCl solution is less concentrated in H2O molecules than the potato strips, the decrease in mass and length and loss of turgidity results from the net movement of water leaving the potato strips, which is higher in osmotic pressure, and diffusing into the solution. Nevertheless, there are several possible sources of error that could have greatly or negligibly affected the outcome of the experiment. First, we must note the varying external factors resulting from an uncontrolled environment – the biology classroom. Primarily, these would include varying temperatures and humidity which could potentially affect the rate of osmosis as increased temperature results in increased diffusion while increased humidity results in an increased number of water molecules. Secondly, we must note the human errors involved, for example, miscalculations in experimental preparations. These would include the miscalculation of solutions leading to an inaccurate concentration of NaCl as well as the possibility of impurities in the NaCl concoction in the first place while imprecise cutting of the potato strips could’ve affected the surface area and thus the rate of osmosis. This leads us to the errors resulting from variances in the substances used. As already discussed previously, differences in surface area of each potato strip caused by imprecise cutting as well as the marks (lines and notches) imprinted would’ve affected the rate of osmosis while the concentration gradient between each potato strip is likely to differ as well. This stems from the differences in water content of each potato, as, for example, a potato with high water concentration in highly concentrated NaCl solution would have a faster rate of erosion. Further affecting factors could include barriers to diffusion such as the size of pores which would also determine the rate of osmosis. All the mentioned errors above hold the possibility of skewing the data. Subsequently, such errors could have an effect on the reliability of the results. The level of accuracy which has been used throughout this investigation would come into question as a combination of these errors would not permit such precision. Values of percentage change have been taken at two decimal places corresponding with the actual values of mass and length, however, this could be seen as far too precise. A better option would have been to take percentage change as whole numbers or at one decimal place. Nevertheless, we attempted to reduce the potential errors through several measures. With surface area, a cork borer was used in order to uniform the size of the potato strips while the varying concentration gradients were controlled through the completion of several trials (three trials with three potatoes) in order to limit error. Furthermore, to control the effects of the external environment, foil was secured over the beaker containing the submerged potato strips. However, if we refer to the graph, we can see the minimum and maximum spread for each data-point is generally close-set while the R2 value, which calculates the spread of the datapoints from the line of best fit, are both relatively high – both around 0. 9. This demonstrable trend indicates a limiting of the amount of error, and thus fairly reliable results despite possible errors. Overall, the results  ultimately seem reliable although it might’ve been even more reliable by reducing the level of precision (decimal places) when recording it. Ultimately, potential improvements will stem from attempting to reduce the amount of error in this investigation, particularly involving controlling the external environment and the miscalculations. To control the external affecting factors, the solution containing the potato strips can be kept overnight instead in a controlled environment with consistent temperatures and humidity. Limiting the human error would be difficult and time-consuming as this would involve Potato Osmosis Biology SL ATh highly-precise instruments or even more focus dedication from the experimenter during preparation. Finally, nothing can be done to uniform the response of the materials used, thus the completion of even more trials limits the potential error and allows the formation of generalizations. Despite the improvements proposed, those relating to limiting human error and completing more trials may prove to be futile as they are not only time-consuming, but the demonstrable trends resulting from this experiment indicate that no further improvements are necessary to reach the desired conclusion. Having established that there is no real need to pursue drastic improvements for the initial experiment, we can now proceed to discuss possible extensions to the investigation. While we already know the results of osmosis on a potato, we may now wish to better understand it. This can be done by recording the progress of the potato’s transformation either (a) over a period of time (perhaps 24 hours) or (b) until it has reached the point of equilibrium. The mapping of this progress would involve the periodic removal of the samples in order to measure its mass and length, after which it can be compiled into a graph to chart the transformation under osmosis. Alternatively, we could compare the progress of a potato to another type of vegetable or fruit in order to ascertain water content of each. Lastly, the submerged potato strips may be subjected to different kinds of environment, particularly, varying humidity and temperature, without the protection of a foil cap. This would reveal how much of an impact environmental factors would have on the osmotic process and how would the effects manifest. In relation to the question of the sailor, this could represent the life-span one would expect when trapped in certain climates. Lab Report free essay sample In this experiment, we fix the time which is 5 second to collect the amount of the water. At the same time, we also observe the characteristic of the flow whether is it laminar, transition and turbulent flow. THEORY: Reynolds number basically determines the transition of fluid flow form laminar flow to turbulent flow. When the value of Reynolds number  is less than 2300, laminar flow will occur and the resistance to flow will  be independent of the pipe wall roughness (e). Meanwhile, turbulent flow occurs when the value of Reynolds number is exceeding 4000. For large viscous force, whereby Re value is less than 2300, viscous effects are great enough to damp any disturbance in the flow and the flow remains laminar. The flow is called laminar because the flow takes place in layers. Any combination of low velocity, small diameter, or high kinematic viscosity which results in Re value of less than 2300 will  produce laminar flow. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Re increases, the viscous damping of flow disturbances or perturbations decreases relative to the inertial effects. Because of a lack of viscous damping, disturbances are amplified until the entire flow breaks down into in irregular motion. There is still a definite flow direction, but there is an irregular motion superimposed on the average motion. Thus, for turbulent flow in a pipe, the fluid is flowing in the downstream direction, fluid particles have an irregular motion in addition to the average motion. The turbulent fluctuations are inherently unsteady and three dimensional. As a result, particles which pass though a given point in the flow do not follow the same path in turbulent flow even though they all are flowing generally downstream. Flows with 2000 lt; Re lt; 4000 are called transitional.