Astronomy Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Astronomy Study Guide Essayxix. All Jovian planets guard strong winds and storms 2. Be able to describe the contrasting stages in stellar evolution and which star will end their lives in which ways. Included in this is the maximum masses of stars that will become white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes and the maximum masses of white dwarfs and neutron stars. e.Step 1- Becoming a Starxx. As a cloud collapses, the center becomes very, very hot and very dense f.Step 2- Fusionxxi. As the gas cloud collapses, the affection becomes hotter and the density inside the core increases xxii. Eventu everyy, the temperature and density reach a point where nuclear fusion trick occur g. Step 3- Balance all main chronological sequence stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium xxiii. Fusion provides radiation that creates an outward pressureh. Protostar to Main Sequencexxiv. A protostar contracts and heats until the core temperature is sufficient for hydrogen fusion i.Upper square up on a Star s Mass3. Understand everythi9ng about the HR diagram and how it can be used j. Identifies a definite hu worldly concern relationship between temperature and absolute magnitude k. The smallest stars are the tiny white dwarfs and are found in the lower left corner of the diagram l. Main sequence stars span a range of sizes from the small found in the lower right and the large found in the upper left m. Largest stars are the demon and supergiant stars which are sound in the upper right corner n. Most stars fall somewhere on the main sequenceo. Diagram Depictsxxv. Temperaturexxvi. Colorxxvii. spiritual Typexxviii. Luminosityxxix. Radius4. Be able to describe the Doppler effect and indicate which stars are shifts the most from looking at the spectra of stars and from looking at the wavelength of bloom radiation. p. The Doppler effect is able to determine the movement of objectives in space. It can tell if the object is moving toward or international from land. 5. What are the diffe rent types of galaxies and what are the different types and ages of stars that you would expect to observe in each q. Spiralxxx. Disk- stars of all ages, and many gas cloudsxxxi. Bulge- old stars, few gas cloudsxxxii. Halo- old stars, few gas clouds1. Blue-White colorize indicates ongoing star formation 2. Red-Yellow color indicates older star population xxxiii. BarredSpiral Galaxy- has a bar of stars across the bulge xxxiv. Centicular Galaxy- has a dish aerial like a spiral but much less dusty gas(intermediate between spiral and elliptical) r. Ellipticalxxxv. All spherical components, virtually no platter component 3. Red-Yellow color indicates older star populations. Irregularxxxvi. Neither spiral nor elliptical4. Blue-White indicates ongoing star formation5. All tend to be really far awayt. *Spiral galaxies are often found in groups6. Use energy output vs. wavelength graphs to determine the size temperature and color of conglomerate stars.7. Be able to choose the most cost eff ective option from a list of possible research telescopes u.Three Types of Telescopesxxxvii. Refracting Telescope-uses a glass lens of the eye to concentrate incoming light xxxviii. Reflecting Telescope-uses mirrors to concentrate incoming star light (most researching telescopes today are reflecting) xxxix. Radio Telescopes- sends radio waves into space 8. Give a popular description of Big have sex theory and the evidence for it. v. In the 1940s based on Hubbles law, George Gamon proposed that the universe began in a colossal salvo w. In the 1950s, the term Big Bang was coined be an unconvinced Sir Fred Hoyce x. Evidence for Big Bangxl. We have detected the background radiation from the Big Bang xli. Correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements in universe xlii. The cosmic microwave background=the radiation leftover from the Big Bang xliii. Patterns of social organization observed by WMAP show the seeds of the universe xliv. Abundance of elements give us clues as well9. How does the force of gravity between two objects depend on mass and distance. y. Newtons Law of Gravitationxlv. Two objects attract each other with a force that is at one time proportional to the product of their knowledge masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance z. Universal Law of Gravitationxlvi. Every mass attracts every other massxlvii. Attraction is directly proportional to the masses xlviii. Attractions is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers xlix. F=G(m1m2/d2)10. What provides energy to stars at different points during their lifetime (proto-star, main sequence, red giant, etc) 11. What can we know from the spectrum of a star. We can determine whether the star is moving toward us or moving away from us. . We cant determine the critical speed of the star but we can determine whether it is moving fast or slow toward us and if it is moving fast or slow away from us12. What is a Cepheid variable?. Light curve shows that its glitteringness alternately rises and falls over a period of 50 days. With longer periods have higher luminosities13. What does Hubbles law say?. Velocity=H0 x distance14. Compare the sizes of different objects in the solar system, in the galaxy, and in the universe. . The Sun is the largest object in the solar system. Earth VenusMarsMercurymoon15. Compare the scales ( intercourse distances) to various repairs in the solar system, the galaxy, and the universe 16. What makes something science? How do you tell if something is a scientific theory, a hypotheses, or something else? .What is Sciencel. Seeks to understand the rules and laws of natureli. Uses systematic observationslii. Uses mathematical modelsliii. Experimentally tests ideas.A Scientific Theory mustliv. Explain a wide mix of observations with a few simple principles lv. Be supportive be a large compelling body of evidence lvi. Not have failed any life-and-death tests of its validity 17. incl ine properties of thermal radiation.. Hotter objects emit more light at all frequencies . Hotter objects emit photons with a higher average energy . Nearly all large or dense objects emit thermal radiation including stars, planets, and you . An objects thermal radiation spectrum depends only on temperature 18. How do we know our position in the solar system, in the galaxy, and the universe? . Keplers Lawlvii. Using Keplers law we are able to calculate the orbital speed of objects and compare them. lviii. To compare our location to the galactic center we use the Keplers Law Rotation curve, which plots an objects orbital speed against the distance from the galactic center. 19. Understand the phases of the moon. Be able to choose relative positions of the Earth, moon, and sun to produce a given moon phase. . 1st hind end. Waxing gibbous. Full moon. Waning gibbous. 3rd quarter. Waning crescent. New moon. Waxing crescent20. Understand the major motions in the sky- over the course of a d ay, over the course of man y weeks/months, and over the course of years. 21. What causes seasons?. Earths axis points in the kindred direction all year, so its orientation relative to the sun changes as Earth orbits the sun . Summer occurs in your hemisphere when sunlight hits it more directly, winter occurs when sunlight hits it less directly . Axis tilt is the key to seasons without it we wouldnt have seasons 22. Apparent and absolute magnitudes, what they tell us, and how they are used to determine distances. . Apparent Magnitude- how bright the object appears to us on earth . Absolute Magnitude- how bright it actually islix. Negative means brighterlx. Positive means dimmer. By comparing apparent, and absolute magnitude numbers we can estimate the stars distance from earth lxi. When m=M, then the star is located exactly 10 pc away lxii. When mM, then the star appears dimmer than it would 10 pc away 23. List the different types of electromagnetic radiation and their relative wave lengths, and energies. 24. List the pattern of motion of the large objects in the solar system. . All large bodies orbit in the same direction and nearly the same plane . Most rotate in the same direction